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Updated: Jul 20, 2025

Evaluating Regional Pulmonary Deposition using Patient-Specific 3D Printed Lung Models
Published on: November 11, 2020
Aiming to Improve Equity in Lung Health: Sex and Gender
Rachel Wojcik1, Alison Morris1
1Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Abstract:
Sex and gender impact risk factors, presentations of, and response to therapy in lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, lung cancer, interstitial lung disease, and obstructive sleep apnea. Many physicians lack training in the impact of sex and gender on lung disease, resulting in diagnostic delays. Scales and indices taught in the health care system are largely validated in male populations, thereby limiting their application to females. For transgender and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning + patients, high rates of bias in health care may limit patients' willingness to seek health care.
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