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Is it pathological to believe conspiracy theories?

Lisa Bortolotti1

  • 1Philosophy Department and Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.

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Summary

Conspiracy beliefs are not necessarily pathological, even if they seem implausible. This study argues that, from a naturalist perspective, holding such beliefs doesn't indicate cognitive dysfunction.

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Area of Science:

  • Philosophy of Mind
  • Cognitive Science
  • Psychopathology

Background:

  • A naturalist perspective defines disorders as outcomes of cognitive dysfunction.
  • Conspiracy beliefs are often considered pathological when they appear irrational or unfounded.
  • Existing frameworks for understanding the etiology of conspiracy beliefs are under review.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To challenge the view that believing conspiracy theories is inherently pathological.
  • To examine whether current etiological approaches necessitate classifying conspiracy beliefs as dysfunctional.
  • To evaluate conspiracy beliefs within a naturalist framework.

Main Methods:

  • Review of various theoretical approaches to the etiology of conspiracy beliefs.
  • Analysis of conspiracy beliefs through the lens of a naturalist conception of disorder.
  • Philosophical argumentation regarding cognitive dysfunction and belief formation.

Main Results:

  • No reviewed etiological approach compels the classification of conspiracy beliefs as pathological.
  • Conspiracy beliefs can be maintained robustly, appearing implausible to external observers.
  • A naturalist framework does not inherently pathologize the adoption or maintenance of such beliefs.

Conclusions:

  • Believing conspiracy theories is not necessarily indicative of cognitive dysfunction.
  • The naturalist conception of disorder does not automatically render conspiracy beliefs pathological.
  • Further research should consider alternative frameworks for understanding unusual belief systems.