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Jemma King1, Jan M Hemmi1,2, Jennifer L Kelley1,2

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Disruptive patterns on 3D prey enhance survival by breaking up body continuity, offering better camouflage than 2D patterns. Physical surface disruption proved more effective than false depth cues for predator evasion.

Keywords:
background matchingcrypsisdisruptive colorationperceptionpredationvision

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Area of Science:

  • * Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
  • * Animal Behavior
  • * Camouflage and Predation

Background:

  • * Disruptive markings in animals commonly aid camouflage by obscuring body outlines and creating false depth perception.
  • * Previous studies on disruptive camouflage often relied on artificial predators or detection models.
  • * The role of physical surface disruption versus pattern-based depth cues in predator evasion remains under-explored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate the survival benefits of disrupted body surfaces in three-dimensional (3D) prey against natural predators.
  • * To compare the effectiveness of 3D surface disruption versus 2D disruptive patterns and edge markings.
  • * To assess the contribution of false depth cues to camouflage efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • * Presentation of 3D-printed moth-like targets with continuous and disrupted surfaces to wild bird predators.
  • * Evaluation of survival rates for 3D disrupted vs. continuous surfaces.
  • * Testing of 2D targets with disruptive patterns and enhanced edges against non-patterned controls.

Main Results:

  • * 3D prey with disrupted body surfaces exhibited significantly higher survival rates compared to those with continuous surfaces.
  • * Mean wing luminance was identified as a significant factor influencing survival.
  • * No survival benefit was observed for 2D disruptive patterns or enhanced edge markings, nor from false depth cues in 3D prey.

Conclusions:

  • * Physical disruption of surface continuity is a crucial strategy for concealing 3D body shape and enhancing prey survival.
  • * False depth cues from patterns are less effective than actual surface disruption.
  • * The complexity of natural disruptive patterns may be key to their effectiveness, a factor not fully replicated in the study.