Bilateral arm movements are coordinated via task-dependent negotiations between independent and codependent control,...

Prior research has shown that coordination of bilateral arm movements might be attributed to either control policies that minimize performance and control costs regardless of bilateral symmetry or by control coupling, which activates bilaterally homologous muscles as a single unit to achieve symmetric performance. We hypothesize that independent bimanual control (movements of one arm are performed without influence on the other) and codependent bimanual control (two arms are constrained to move together with high spatiotemporal symmetry) are two extremes on a coordination spectrum that can be negotiated to meet infinite variations in task demands. To better understand and distinguish between these views, we designed a task where minimization of either control costs or asymmetry would yield different patterns of coordination. Participants made bilateral reaches with a shared visual cursor to a midline target. We then covertly varied the gain contribution of either hand to the shared cursor's horizontal position. Across two experiments, we show that bilateral coordination retains high task-dependent sensitivity to subtle visual feedback gain asymmetries applied to the shared cursor. Specifically, we found a change from strong spatial covariation between hands during equal gains to more independent control during asymmetric gains, which occurred rapidly and with high specificity to the dimension of gain manipulation. Furthermore, the extent of spatial covariation was graded to the magnitude of perpendicular gain asymmetry between hands. These findings suggest coordination of bilateral arm movements flexibly maneuvers along a continuous coordination spectrum in a task-dependent manner that cannot be explained by bilateral control coupling.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Minimization of performance and control costs and efferent coupling between bilaterally homologous muscle groups have been separately hypothesized to describe patterns of bimanual coordination. Here, we address whether the mechanisms mediating independent and codependent control between limbs can be weighted for successful task performance. Using bilaterally asymmetric visuomotor gain perturbations, we show bimanual coordination can be characterized as a negotiation along a spectrum between extremes of independent and codependent control, but not efferent control coupling.