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Updated: Jul 20, 2025
Three-Dimensional Finger Motion Tracking during Needling: A Solution for the Kinematic Analysis of Acupuncture Manipulation
Published on: October 28, 2021
Three-Dimensional Finger Test: A New Echocardiographic Method to Locate the Best Access Site During NeoChord
Alessandro Vairo1, Rossella Manai1, Lorenzo Gaiero1
1Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, Italy.
Objective:
Transventricular beating-heart mitral valve repair (TBMVR) with artificial chordae implantation is a technique to treat mitral valve prolapse. Two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography completed with simultaneous biplane view during surgeon finger pushing on the left ventricular (LV) wall (finger test [FT]) is currently used to localize the desired LV access, on the inferior-lateral wall, between the papillary muscles (PMs). We aimed to compare a new three-dimensional (3D) method with conventional FT in terms of safety and better localization of LV access.
Methods:
During TBMVR, conventional FT was completed using 3D transesophageal echocardiography by placing the sample box in the bicommissural view of the LV, including the PMs and the apex. The 3D volume was subsequently edited to visualize the LV from above (surgical view) to localize the bulge of the operator's finger pushing on the LV. We asked the first operator, the second operator, and the cardiac surgery fellow, separately, to evaluate the location of their finger pushing, both with the 2D method and the 3D method, to estimate the interoperator concordance.
Results:
From 2019 to 2021, 42 TBMVRs were performed without complications related to access using FT completed with the 3D method. Regarding the choice of the right and safe entry site, the operator's agreement was higher using 3D rendering compared with conventional FT (mean agreement 0.59 ± 0.29 for 2D vs 0.83 ± 0.20 for 3D), while full operator agreement was 10 of 42 for 2D and 23 of 42 for 3D (P = 0.004).
Conclusions:
Three-dimensional FT is easy to perform and facilitates surgeons choosing the best access for TBMVR in term of anatomical localization and safety.
