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Related Concept Videos

Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management01:22

Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management

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IntroductionA range of clinical features characterizes Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP), but it is important to note that many individuals with MVP are asymptomatic and may remain so throughout their lives. For those who do exhibit symptoms, the following are the key clinical features:Palpitations: This is a common symptom where individuals feel an irregular or rapid heartbeat. Palpitations in MVP are often due to arrhythmias such as premature ventricular contractions or supraventricular...
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Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction01:27

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IntroductionThe mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, regulates blood flow. These valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood properly through the heart and body. During each heartbeat, the flaps open for blood to pass through and seal shut to prevent backflow. Specifically, the mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. It then closes securely as the lower left chamber contracts to pump blood to the body, preventing...
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Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

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Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
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Mitral Regurgitation III: Medical Management01:25

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Mitral regurgitation (MR) is characterized by retrograde blood circulation from the left ventricle into the left atrium due to inadequate mitral valve closure. The severity of the condition, symptoms, and underlying cause determine treatment strategies.Monitoring and Pharmacological TreatmentPatients with mild to moderate MR typically do not need immediate intervention but regular monitoring to assess progression and guide treatment. Patients with mild MR should have an echocardiogram every 3-5...
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Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

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Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
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Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

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Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a valvular heart disorder in which the mitral valve fails to close tightly, allowing blood to leak backward into the heart. Understanding the clinical manifestations, assessment, diagnostic findings, and medical management of MR is crucial to effectively managing affected patients.Clinical Manifestations of Mitral RegurgitationMitral regurgitation can be acute or chronic, each presenting differently and requiring different approaches:1. Acute Mitral...
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Updated: Jul 20, 2025

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Mitral Annular Disjunction: A Scoping Review.

Sushan Gupta1, Ahmad Shihabi2, Mihir Kishore Patil3

  • 1From the Departments of Internal Medicine.

Cardiology in Review
|August 3, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitral annular disjunction (MAD) is a heart condition where the mitral valve moves abnormally, potentially causing serious arrhythmias. Cardiac MRI is crucial for diagnosing MAD and assessing patient risk.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Cardiac Imaging
  • Electrophysiology

Background:

  • Mitral annular disjunction (MAD) involves atrial displacement of the mitral valve hinge point, particularly the posterior leaflet.
  • This condition can lead to abnormal left ventricular blood flow, fibrosis, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac arrest.
  • While sometimes considered normal, MAD's origin remains debated, and it often co-occurs with mitral valve prolapse or myxomatous disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the significance of Mitral Annular Disjunction (MAD) in cardiovascular pathology.
  • To discuss the diagnostic challenges and gold standard imaging modalities for MAD.
  • To outline risk stratification and management strategies for patients with MAD.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Mitral Annular Disjunction (MAD).
  • Comparison of diagnostic capabilities of Transthoracic Echocardiography versus Cardiac MRI.
  • Analysis of risk factors and stratification criteria for MAD patients.

Main Results:

  • MAD is an independent predictor of malignant arrhythmias.
  • Cardiac MRI is the gold standard for MAD diagnosis and risk stratification, surpassing Transthoracic Echocardiography's sensitivity.
  • Risk stratification involves age, syncopal attacks, premature ventricular contractions, fibrosis, and disjunction distance.

Conclusions:

  • Mitral Annular Disjunction (MAD) is a significant finding associated with increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.
  • Accurate diagnosis via advanced imaging like Cardiac MRI is essential for risk stratification and appropriate management.
  • Conservative management is typical for asymptomatic cases, while radiofrequency ablation is considered for high-risk or symptomatic individuals.