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Related Concept Videos

Concentration and Rate Law03:03

Concentration and Rate Law

31.2K
The rate of a reaction is affected by the concentrations of reactants. Rate laws (differential rate laws) or rate equations are mathematical expressions describing the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentration of its reactants.
For example, in a generic reaction aA + bB ⟶ products, where a and b are stoichiometric coefficients, the rate law can be written as:
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Reaction Rate02:53

Reaction Rate

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The rate of reaction is the change in the amount of a reactant or product per unit time. Reaction rates are therefore determined by measuring the time dependence of some property that can be related to reactant or product amounts. Rates of reactions that consume or produce gaseous substances, for example, are conveniently determined by measuring changes in volume or pressure.
The mathematical representation of the change in the concentration of reactants and products, over time, is the rate...
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Measuring Reaction Rates03:09

Measuring Reaction Rates

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Polarimetry finds application in chemical kinetics to measure the concentration and reaction kinetics of optically active substances during a chemical reaction. Optically active substances have the capability of rotating the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light passing through them—a feature called optical rotation. Optical activity is attributed to the molecular structure of substances. Normal monochromatic light is unpolarized and possesses oscillations of the electrical...
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Predicting Reaction Outcomes02:24

Predicting Reaction Outcomes

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Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...
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Determining Order of Reaction02:53

Determining Order of Reaction

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Rate laws describe the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentration of its reactants. In a rate law, the rate constant k and the reaction orders are determined experimentally by observing how the rate of reaction changes as the concentrations of the reactants are changed. A common experimental approach to the determination of rate laws is the method of initial rates. This method involves measuring reaction rates for multiple experimental trials carried out using...
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Effect of Temperature Change on Reaction Rate02:28

Effect of Temperature Change on Reaction Rate

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The Arrhenius equation,
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Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes
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Recent Developments in Kramers' Theory of Reaction Rates.

Eli Pollak1, Salvador Miret-Artés2

  • 1Chemical and Biological Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovoth, Israel.

Chemphyschem : a European Journal of Chemical Physics and Physical Chemistry
|August 3, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review updates Kramers theory of reaction rates, crucial for chemical reactions and surface diffusion. It covers modern theoretical developments and diverse applications, highlighting future challenges.

Keywords:
Kramers turnover theoryquantum tunneling and reflectionsurface diffusiontransition state theory

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Physics
  • Surface Science
  • Theoretical Chemistry

Background:

  • Kramers' theory is fundamental for understanding chemical reaction rates.
  • Its initial development focused on chemical reactions but has broader applicability.
  • Recent advancements have expanded its theoretical framework and applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an update on recent developments in Kramers' theory of reaction rates.
  • To review the theoretical formalism and modern extensions of Kramers' theory.
  • To discuss the application and implications of Kramers' theory in various scientific fields.

Main Methods:

  • Review of theoretical formalism, including the generalized Langevin equation.
  • Presentation of the Pollak, Grabert, and Hänggi theoretical framework.
  • Application of Kramers' theory to quantum and classical surface diffusion models.

Main Results:

  • The review details the theoretical underpinnings of Kramers' theory and its modern extensions.
  • Surface diffusion of Na atoms on Cu(110) is analyzed, showing dependencies on friction.
  • Recent applications in nanoparticle levitation, polariton dynamics, and liquid reactions are presented.

Conclusions:

  • Kramers' theory remains a vital tool for reaction rate studies.
  • The theory has been successfully extended and applied to diverse physical and chemical systems.
  • Open problems and future research directions in Kramers turnover theory are identified.