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High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry
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Gender Differences in Drug Use among Individuals Under Arrest.

Bridget E Weller1, Stephen Magura1, Dawn R Smith2

  • 1Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA.

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Women arrested and tested in jail were more likely to use methamphetamines than men. This study highlights the need for gender-inclusive drug monitoring in criminal justice populations to address health equity.

Keywords:
drug surveillanceenzyme-linked immunosorbent assayliquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometryoral fluid

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic toxicology
  • Public health research
  • Gender studies in substance abuse

Background:

  • Drug monitoring in criminal justice populations can reveal geographic drug use patterns.
  • Historically, women have been underrepresented in large-scale drug monitoring studies within these populations.
  • Understanding gender-specific drug use is crucial for equitable public health initiatives.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate potential gender disparities in drug use among individuals arrested in a U.S. jail.
  • To analyze drug use patterns indicated by oral fluid testing.
  • To inform gender-sensitive drug monitoring and policy development.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of oral fluid specimens from 191 individuals under arrest (24% female) collected in 2019-2020.
  • Utilized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for drug detection.
  • Employed logit regression models to assess gender differences in drug use.

Main Results:

  • Women showed a significantly higher prevalence of methamphetamine use compared to men (41% vs. 22%).
  • No significant gender differences were observed for marijuana, cocaine, or opioid use.
  • Overall drug use prevalence and the legality of detected drugs did not differ significantly by gender.

Conclusions:

  • Future drug monitoring in criminal justice settings must include representative sampling of both women and men.
  • Identifying gender-based drug use patterns is essential for promoting health equity.
  • Findings can guide the development of gender-informed policies and clinical practices for drug misuse prevention and treatment.