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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Altered structural connectivity in olfactory disfunction after mild COVID-19 using probabilistic tractography.

Diógenes Diego de Carvalho Bispo1,2,3, Pedro Renato de Paula Brandão4,5, Danilo Assis Pereira6

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Persistent olfactory dysfunction after COVID-19 is linked to reduced olfactory bulb volume and altered white matter brain networks. These changes suggest potential compensatory mechanisms for olfactory recovery.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Medical Imaging
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Persistent olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a common sequela of COVID-19.
  • The underlying neurological changes, particularly in white matter (WM) brain networks, remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate alterations in olfactory bulb volume and WM brain networks in individuals with persistent OD post-COVID-19.
  • To explore the relationship between structural brain network changes and olfactory function deficits.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study of 38 COVID-19 patients with OD and 24 controls.
  • Utilized Sniffin' Sticks identification test (SS-16), MoCA, and brain MRI.
  • Employed Network-Based Statistics (NBS) and graph theoretical analysis for WM network exploration.

Main Results:

  • COVID-19 group showed reduced olfactory bulb volume compared to controls.
  • Increased structural connectivity in parietal brain regions was observed in COVID-19 patients.
  • Patients exhibited lower global/local efficiency, higher assortativity, and altered local network properties, including reduced efficiency and increased clustering in specific regions.

Conclusions:

  • Patients with post-COVID-19 OD exhibit significant WM network dysfunction.
  • Increased parietal connectivity and altered network topology suggest compensatory plasticity mechanisms.
  • These findings highlight the neurological impact of COVID-19 on olfactory pathways.