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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Morphology Dictated Immune Activation with Framework Nucleic Acids.

Yao Hu1, Zhongxu Luo1, Zhilei Ge2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|August 9, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Framework nucleic acids (FNAs) influence immune activation based on their shape and concentration. Optimal spatial arrangement of cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) on FNAs enhances immune responses.

Keywords:
CpG ODNsframework nucleic acidsimmune activationmorphology

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Immunology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Framework nucleic acids (FNAs) are programmable DNA structures used for biomolecule delivery.
  • The influence of FNA morphology, concentration, and CpG ODN presentation on immune activation is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how FNA shape, size, concentration, and CpG ODN spatial arrangement affect immune responses.
  • To explore the potential of FNAs in designing targeted immune activation strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of FNAs with diverse morphologies.
  • Evaluation of FNA immunological responses at varying concentrations (50 nM and high concentrations).
  • Analysis of cellular uptake and immune activation triggered by different FNA shapes (nanostrings, tetrahedrons).
  • Investigation of CpG ODN spacing (7-8 nm) and its effect on immunostimulation.

Main Results:

  • Low FNA concentrations (50 nM) showed no immunostimulation.
  • High concentrations of elongated FNAs (nanostrings, tetrahedrons) induced significant immune activation.
  • Immune response correlated with FNA size, concentration, and cellular uptake.
  • Optimal CpG ODN spacing of 7-8 nm on FNAs maximized immunostimulation.

Conclusions:

  • FNA's innate immune response is dependent on both concentration and morphology.
  • FNA morphology can be used to program CpG ODN-mediated immune activation.
  • FNAs offer a designable platform for studying morphology-dependent biological responses and developing novel immune carriers.