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Uncommon Haemorrhagic Cystitis of Infectious Origin: A Narrative Review for Urologists
Francesca Ambrosini1,2, Niccolò Riccardi3,4, Sara Occhineri3,4
1IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.
Research and Reports in Urology
|August 11, 2023
Summary
This review covers uncommon infectious causes of haemorrhagic cystitis (HC), including bacterial, mycobacterial, and parasitic origins. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing this condition and preventing severe complications.
Area of Science:
- Urology
- Infectious Diseases
- Medical Microbiology
Background:
- Haemorrhagic cystitis (HC) presents diverse etiologies, with infectious causes often being insidious and challenging to diagnose.
- Uncommon infectious agents, including bacteria, mycobacteria (tuberculosis), and parasites (schistosomiasis), can lead to significant morbidity if not identified promptly.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide a comprehensive overview of less common, difficult-to-diagnose infectious causes of haemorrhagic cystitis.
- To highlight diagnostic tools and current treatment options for bacterial, mycobacterial, and parasitic HC.
- To offer urologists an updated resource for managing infectious HC in daily practice.
Main Methods:
- A narrative review of peer-reviewed articles was conducted.
- Literature search was performed using PubMed.
- Articles published between January 1, 2010, and August 31, 2022, were included.
Main Results:
- Uncommon infectious agents such as bacteria, tuberculosis (TB), and schistosomiasis are identified as causes of haemorrhagic cystitis.
- These infections contribute to high morbidity, particularly when diagnosis is delayed.
- Fungal infections were also noted as uncommon causes.
Conclusions:
- Haemorrhagic cystitis necessitates punctual diagnosis and immediate treatment due to its variable severity, ranging from mild discomfort to life-threatening hemorrhage.
- Early and accurate diagnosis of infectious etiologies is essential to prevent complications.
- This review serves as a practical guide for clinicians managing challenging cases of infectious HC.
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