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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2025

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation
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A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation

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Early development of olfactory circuit function.

Joost X Maier1, Zihao Zhang1

  • 1Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
|August 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neonatal rodent brains, despite structural immaturity, process olfactory information reliably. This stability in the olfactory system supports crucial early-life behaviors and survival.

Keywords:
inhibitionlocal field potentialneonatalolfactory bulboscillationpiriform cortex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Sensory Systems

Background:

  • Early brain development involves significant structural changes at multiple levels.
  • Immature brains must perform adaptive functions despite ongoing maturation.
  • The rodent olfactory system is a key model for studying early sensory processing in blind and deaf neonates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how structurally immature neonatal brains process information.
  • To understand how stable and reliable brain function is maintained during development.
  • To review structural and functional changes in the neonatal olfactory system.

Main Methods:

  • Review of studies on olfactory circuit structural development.
  • Analysis of in vivo electrophysiological recordings of functional activity.
  • Characterization of network-level activity patterns in neonatal olfactory circuits.

Main Results:

  • Neonatal olfactory processing involves interconnected brain areas like the olfactory bulb and piriform cortex.
  • Olfactory circuits show varying structural maturity in neonates.
  • Despite structural changes, the neonatal olfactory system generates stable, dynamic network activity.

Conclusions:

  • The neonatal olfactory system exhibits remarkable functional stability amidst structural development.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for elucidating information processing in immature brains.
  • Findings inform research on neonatal behaviors and developmental transitions in sensory systems.