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Alzheimer's Disease: Overview01:26

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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Types of RNA01:20

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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Roles of Non-Coding RNA in Alzheimer's Disease Pathophysiology.

Edward O Olufunmilayo1,2, R M Damian Holsinger1,3

  • 1Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Dementia, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.

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Alzheimer's disease involves amyloid-β plaques and tau tangles. This review explores how non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) like microRNAs are implicated, offering potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's disease.

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biomarkerscircRNAlncRNAmiRNAncRNApiRNAsiRNAtherapeutic targets

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by memory and cognitive deficits.
  • Pathologically, AD features amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, leading to neuroinflammation and synaptic dysfunction.
  • AD is a complex, multi-faceted disease influenced by genetic, epigenetic, behavioral, and environmental factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current findings on non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in Alzheimer's disease.
  • To highlight the roles of circular RNA (circRNA), microRNA (miRNA), short interfering RNA (siRNA), piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA), and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in AD.
  • To discuss the potential of ncRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for AD.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating ncRNAs in Alzheimer's disease.
  • Analysis of research on genetic and epigenetic factors contributing to AD pathogenesis.
  • Examination of studies targeting ncRNAs in cellular and animal models of AD.

Main Results:

  • Significant alterations in various ncRNAs (circRNA, miRNA, siRNA, piRNA, lncRNA) are observed in Alzheimer's disease.
  • These ncRNA variations are linked to AD onset and progression mechanisms.
  • Studies targeting ncRNAs in preclinical models show promise for therapeutic development.

Conclusions:

  • Non-coding RNAs represent a critical area of research in Alzheimer's disease.
  • Dysregulated ncRNAs hold potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for AD.
  • Further research into ncRNA mechanisms could lead to novel treatments for Alzheimer's disease.