Enhanced Degradability, Mechanical Properties, and Flame Retardation of Poly(Lactic Acid) Composite with New Zealand Jade (Pounamu) Particles

Plastic pollution has become a global concern, demanding urgent attention and concerted efforts to mitigate its environmental impacts. Biodegradable plastics have emerged as a potential solution, offering the prospect of reduced harm through degradation over time. However, the lower mechanical strength and slower degradation process of biodegradable plastics have hindered their widespread adoption. In this study, we investigate the incorporation of New Zealand (NZ) jade (pounamu) particles into poly(lactic acid) (PLA) to enhance the performance of the resulting composite. We aim to improve mechanical strength, flame retardation, and degradability. The material properties and compatibility with 3D printing technology were examined through a series of characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction, dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, 3D printing, compression molding, pycnometry, rheometry, tensile tests, three-point bending, and flammability testing. Our findings demonstrate that the addition of NZ jade particles significantly affects the density, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of the composites. Compounding NZ jade shows two different changes in thermal stability. It reduces flammability suggesting potential flame-retardant properties, and it accelerates the thermal degradation process as observed from the thermogravimetric analysis and the inferred decrease in molecular weight through rheometry. Thus, the presence of jade particles can also have the potential to enhance biodegradation, although further research is needed to assess its impact. The mechanical properties differ between compression-molded and 3D-printed samples, with compression-molded composites exhibiting higher strength and stiffness. Increasing jade content in composites further enhances their mechanical performance. Th results of this study contribute to the development of sustainable solutions for plastic pollution, paving the way for innovative applications and a cleaner environment.