Proposal for Monitoring Students' Self-Efficacy Using Neurophysiological Measures and Self-Report Scales

The role of STEM-science, technology, engineering, mathematics-education is internationally recognized as critical to both the personal development of students and their future contribution to a country's economy as through this education they are equipped with the necessary twenty-first-century skills. As a result, there is a need to study the way in which such education affects students. In particular, the study of the self-efficacy factor is a contribution in this direction. Self-efficacy is a fundamental concept in the learning process as it contributes to shaping learning outcomes. Self-report scales are commonly used to measure self-efficacy; however, concerns in research circles have been raised regarding their limitations. On the other hand, there is a growing research interest in neurophysiological measures in the field of education, which seem to offer promising possibilities for understanding learning. Therefore, to better determine the impact of STEM education on students, a combination of self-report scales and neurophysiological measures is proposed to measure self-efficacy.