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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Updated: Jul 19, 2025

Assessment of Selective mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Polysome Profiling
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RNA modification-mediated translational control in immune cells.

Yujuan Zhang1,2, Weiguo Hu1, Hua-Bing Li1,2

  • 1Department of Geriatrics, Center for Immune-Related Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.

RNA Biology
|August 16, 2023
PubMed
Summary

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation, the most common RNA modification, impacts immune cell responses. This review explores its role in translational control during immunity, highlighting its potential in regulating immune cell function.

Keywords:
RNA modificationRNA regulatorsimmune cellm6Atranslation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • RNA modifications are crucial for mRNA metabolism and immune cell responsiveness.
  • N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant eukaryotic mRNA modification, mainly affecting RNA splicing and degradation.
  • The precise role of m6A in translational control, especially within immune cells, is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review current research on m6A modification and translational regulation.
  • To summarize recent advances in understanding RNA modification-driven translational control during immune responses.
  • To propose potential mechanisms by which m6A influences immune cell function through translation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on m6A modification.
  • Analysis of research on translational regulation in mRNA metabolism.
  • Synthesis of findings related to RNA modifications and immune response.

Main Results:

  • m6A primarily regulates RNA splicing and degradation, but its role in translation is debated.
  • Limited research exists on m6A's impact on translation in immune cells.
  • Recent studies highlight RNA modifications' role in immune response via translational control.

Conclusions:

  • m6A modification is a key regulator in mRNA metabolism with implications for immune cell function.
  • Further investigation is needed to elucidate the controversial role of m6A in translational control.
  • Understanding m6A-mediated translational regulation offers potential therapeutic targets for immune disorders.