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Norm conflicts and epistemic modals.

Niels Skovgaard-Olsen1, John Cantwell2

  • 1Department of Social Psychology and Methodology, Institute of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Germany.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study empirically investigates interpretations of epistemic modals, finding individual variation in understanding uncertainty. While some evidence supports Relativism, participants generally do not consistently follow its norm of retraction.

Keywords:
ArgumentationEpistemic modalsNorm conflictsRelativismRetractionSemanticsTruth conditions

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Area of Science:

  • Linguistics
  • Philosophy of Language
  • Semantics

Background:

  • Epistemic modals express uncertainty, with ongoing debate between Contextualism and Relativism.
  • Previous findings on these theories show significant individual variation in interpretation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To empirically classify participants based on their interpretation of epistemic modals according to Relativism, Contextualism, and Objectivism.
  • To investigate truth-value shifts and disagreement judgments related to epistemic modals.
  • To examine adherence to the norm of retraction in argumentation involving epistemic modals.

Main Methods:

  • Multi-phase, multi-session experiment to classify participants' semantic theories.
  • Analysis of truth evaluations and disagreement judgments.
  • Second experiment replicating findings and investigating normative beliefs regarding the norm of retraction.

Main Results:

  • Empirical evidence for truth-value shifts predicted by Relativism was found.
  • Participants' disagreement judgments aligned with their truth evaluations.
  • Participants generally did not strongly adhere to the norm of retraction, though some logic-trained Objectivists did for 'might' statements.

Conclusions:

  • Results challenge Relativism's account of argumentation with epistemic modals.
  • Individual variation in understanding epistemic modals is significant.
  • Distinction between truth and justification is empirically supported.