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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Same author

Author Reply to "Regarding 'Deteriorated Quality and Media Retraction of Tendon Following Acute Traumatic Rotator Cuff Tear Are Predictors of Retear After Arthroscopic Repair'".

Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association·2026
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The mid-term outcomes on reverse total shoulder arthroplasty with isolated latissimus dorsi transfer in patients with isolated external rotation lag without pseudoparalysis: an average follow-up of 5 years.

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Patch Augmentation Using Acellular Dermal Matrix During Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair Reduces Retear Rates in High-Risk Patients With Rotator Cuff Healing Index 7 or Higher.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2025

Anterior Capsular Reconstruction with Human Dermal Allograft for Irreparable Subscapularis Tears
04:27

Anterior Capsular Reconstruction with Human Dermal Allograft for Irreparable Subscapularis Tears

Published on: May 9, 2025

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Subscapularis tear classification implications regarding treatment and outcomes: consensus decision-making.

S Ali Ghasemi1, Joseph A S McCahon2, Jae Chul Yoo3

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Einstein Healthcare Network, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques
|August 17, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Orthopedic surgeons lack agreement on subscapularis tendon tear (STT) classification and management. This study identified key factors and characteristics with high surgeon consensus for guiding STT treatment decisions.

Keywords:
ClassificationConsensusRotator cuff tearingShoulder jointSubscapularisTendon tearing

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Shoulder Surgery
  • Musculoskeletal Research

Background:

  • Subscapularis tendon tears (SCTs) lack consistent classification and management strategies among orthopedic surgeons.
  • Variability in diagnosis and treatment planning for SCTs necessitates a clearer understanding of tear patterns and prognostic indicators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current literature on SCT classification and treatment.
  • To survey shoulder and elbow surgeons on their decision-making processes for SCT injuries.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of 12 articles on SCT classification, treatment, and outcomes.
  • Expert-led questionnaire distributed to 165 ASES members on SCT management.

Main Results:

  • Classification criteria for SCTs are highly variable, focusing on tear size, associated pathology, or footprint exposure.
  • High surgeon agreement (>80%) exists for early repair of traumatic SCTs, repair of chronic degenerative SCTs with acute supraspinatus tears, and contraindication of SCT repair in rotator cuff arthropathy.

Conclusions:

  • Identified patient and tear characteristics with surgeon consensus for SCT treatment.
  • The Lafosse classification is widely accepted but requires refinement.
  • Collaboration is essential for developing a universally applicable SCT classification system.