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Exploring necessary and sufficient conditions for carbon emission intensity: a comparative analysis
Emad Kazemzadeh1, José Alberto Fuinhas2, Narges Salehnia3
1Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
Economic complexity and fossil fuel use are key drivers of high carbon emission intensity. Reducing these factors is crucial for sustainable development and transitioning to renewable energy sources.
Area of Science:
- Environmental Science
- Economics
- Sociology
Background:
- Carbon emission intensity varies significantly across countries.
- Understanding the drivers of carbon emission intensity is crucial for climate change mitigation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the necessary and sufficient conditions influencing carbon emission intensity.
- To identify causal configurations for both high- and low-carbon emission intensity.
Main Methods:
- Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA)
- Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA)
- Analysis of economic, geographic, energy, and institutional variables in 94 countries.
Main Results:
- Economic complexity and fossil energy consumption are necessary conditions for high carbon emission intensity.
- Nine causal pathways identified for high carbon emission intensity, involving economic growth, urbanization, fossil fuel use, and institutional quality.
- Multiple causal configurations identified for both high- and low-carbon emission intensity.
Conclusions:
- Reducing carbon emission intensity requires addressing economic complexity and decreasing reliance on fossil fuels.
- Policy recommendations include promoting sustainable economic development, green urbanization, and renewable energy transition.
- Qualitative comparative analysis provides unique insights into the complex causality of carbon emission intensity.
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