Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Wald-Wolfowitz Runs Test II01:17

Wald-Wolfowitz Runs Test II

267
The Wald-Wolfowitz runs test, commonly referred to as the runs test, is a nonparametric test used to assess the randomness of ordered data. The test evaluates the number of runs, which are consecutive sequences of similar elements within the data. If the number of runs is significantly higher or lower than expected, the data is considered non-random, indicating a detectable pattern or structure.
For binary data, runs are identified using symbols such as + and −, or equivalently, 1s and...
267
Wald-Wolfowitz Runs Test I01:17

Wald-Wolfowitz Runs Test I

676
The Wald-Wolfowitz test, also known as the runs test, is a nonparametric statistical test used to assess the randomness of a sequence of two different types of elements (e.g., positive/negative values, successes/failures). It examines whether the order of the elements in a sequence is random or if there is a pattern or trend present. This nonparametric test applies to any ordered data despite the population and sample data distribution, even if a higher sample size is available.
The test works...
676
Random Variables01:09

Random Variables

12.4K
A random variable is a single numerical value that indicates the outcome of a procedure. The concept of random variables is fundamental to the probability theory and was introduced by a Russian mathematician, Pafnuty Chebyshev, in the mid-nineteenth century.
Uppercase letters such as X or Y denote a random variable. Lowercase letters like x or y denote the value of a random variable. If X is a random variable, then X is written in words, and x is given as a number.
For example, let X = the...
12.4K
Random Error01:04

Random Error

924
Random or indeterminate errors originate from various uncontrollable variables, such as variations in environmental conditions, instrument imperfections, or the inherent variability of the phenomena being measured. Usually, these errors cannot be predicted, estimated, or characterized because their direction and magnitude often vary in magnitude and direction even during consecutive measurements. As a result, they are difficult to eliminate. However, the aggregate effect of these errors can be...
924
Unusual Results01:16

Unusual Results

3.2K
Unusual results are those that have a very low chance of occurring. Unusual results can be identified using probabilities and the range rule of thumb. In problems involving probability, unusual results can be observed in 2 instances – an unusually high number of successes or an unusually low number of successes.
According to the range rule of thumb, any value above or below two standard deviations, 2σ  from the mean, μ  is considered unusual.
Maximum unusual value =...
3.2K
Random Sampling Method01:09

Random Sampling Method

11.2K
Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest. Among the various sampling methods used by...
11.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Noise-induced shallow circuits and the absence of barren plateaus.

Nature physics·2026
Same author

Learning quantum states of continuous-variable systems.

Nature physics·2025
Same author

Large-scale stochastic simulation of open quantum systems.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Localized statistics decoding for quantum low-density parity-check codes.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Typical thermalization of low-entanglement states.

Communications physics·2025
Same author

Verifiable measurement-based quantum random sampling with trapped ions.

Nature communications·2025
Same journal

Demonstration of a quantum C-NOT gate in a time-multiplexed fully reconfigurable photonic processor.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Nonlinear quantum light source with van der Waals ferroelectric NbOX<sub>2</sub> (X = Br, I).

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Antagonistic histone H2A variants and autonomous heterochromatin formation shape epigenomic patterns in Arabidopsis.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

The long tail of nitrate pollution in groundwater challenges governance of global water quality.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Select microbial metabolites promote tau aggregation in a murine tauopathy model.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Warming climate has lengthened global intense tropical cyclone seasons.

Nature communications·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2025

Plasmid-derived DNA Strand Displacement Gates for Implementing Chemical Reaction Networks
07:50

Plasmid-derived DNA Strand Displacement Gates for Implementing Chemical Reaction Networks

Published on: November 25, 2015

14.4K

Shadow estimation of gate-set properties from random sequences.

J Helsen1,2, M Ioannou3, J Kitzinger3,4

  • 1QuSoft, Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI), Amsterdam, The Netherlands. jonas1helsen@gmail.com.

Nature Communications
|August 19, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces random sequence estimation, a new method for characterizing quantum gate-sets. This approach simplifies experiments by moving complex analysis to classical post-processing, enabling precise quantum diagnostics.

More Related Videos

Sensitive Detection of Proteopathic Seeding Activity with FRET Flow Cytometry
12:31

Sensitive Detection of Proteopathic Seeding Activity with FRET Flow Cytometry

Published on: December 8, 2015

15.1K
Rare Event Detection Using Error-corrected DNA and RNA Sequencing
10:36

Rare Event Detection Using Error-corrected DNA and RNA Sequencing

Published on: August 3, 2018

12.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 18, 2025

Plasmid-derived DNA Strand Displacement Gates for Implementing Chemical Reaction Networks
07:50

Plasmid-derived DNA Strand Displacement Gates for Implementing Chemical Reaction Networks

Published on: November 25, 2015

14.4K
Sensitive Detection of Proteopathic Seeding Activity with FRET Flow Cytometry
12:31

Sensitive Detection of Proteopathic Seeding Activity with FRET Flow Cytometry

Published on: December 8, 2015

15.1K
Rare Event Detection Using Error-corrected DNA and RNA Sequencing
10:36

Rare Event Detection Using Error-corrected DNA and RNA Sequencing

Published on: August 3, 2018

12.1K

Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Quantum Computing Hardware

Background:

  • Quantum computing devices are growing in scale and complexity.
  • Precise diagnostic tools for quantum operations are increasingly needed.
  • Current quantum devices have limitations in gate sequence length and measurement types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a new paradigm for characterizing quantum gate-sets.
  • To overcome limitations of current quantum devices for diagnostics.
  • To provide a versatile experimental framework for quantum information processing.

Main Methods:

  • Introduced random sequence estimation (RSE) as a novel experimental technique.
  • Developed robust channel variants of shadow estimation.
  • Leveraged classical post-processing to handle experimental complexity.

Main Results:

  • RSE enables a wealth of estimation problems from a single experiment.
  • Demonstrated applications in partial, compressive, and full process tomography.
  • Enabled efficient learning of Pauli noise and diagnosis of quantum gate cross-talk.

Conclusions:

  • RSE offers a powerful and flexible approach to quantum gate-set characterization.
  • The method is applicable to optimizing quantum gates and diagnosing device errors.
  • This paradigm shift simplifies experimental requirements while enhancing diagnostic capabilities.