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Confirmation Biases

The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
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Related Experiment Video

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Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach
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Classifying Conversational Entrainment of Speech Behavior: An Expanded Framework and Review.

Camille J Wynn1, Stephanie A Borrie1

  • 1Department of Communicative Disorders and Deaf Education, Utah State University, Logan, Utah USA.

Journal of Phonetics
|August 21, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Conversational entrainment, the similarity in communicative behavior between people, lacks consistent terminology. This review proposes an expanded framework to categorize entrainment measures, unifying research efforts.

Keywords:
AccommodationAcoustic-ProsodicAlignmentConvergenceEntrainment

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Area of Science:

  • Linguistics
  • Psychology
  • Communication Studies

Background:

  • Conversational entrainment, also known as alignment or accommodation, describes similarity in communicative behavior between interlocutors.
  • Existing literature features highly variable terminology, definitions, and measurement approaches for entrainment.
  • Current categorization frameworks for entrainment research are not comprehensive, particularly regarding specific measurement techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose an expanded framework for categorizing all measures of speech behavior entrainment.
  • To refine and clarify an earlier entrainment categorization framework for improved accessibility.
  • To review current literature and demonstrate its fit within the proposed framework.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of conversational entrainment studies.
  • Development and refinement of a categorization framework for entrainment measures.
  • Analysis of existing entrainment measurement approaches within the proposed framework.

Main Results:

  • An expanded and clarified framework for categorizing speech entrainment measures is proposed.
  • The framework accommodates a wider range of measurement approaches than previous systems.
  • Current entrainment research literature is mapped onto the proposed categorization system.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed framework offers a unified system for organizing and understanding conversational entrainment research.
  • Consistent terminology and a comprehensive framework are crucial for the assimilation of knowledge in this expanding field.
  • The framework can guide future research and facilitate the integration of diverse entrainment measurement techniques.