Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview01:26

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

518
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
The clinical diagnosis of AD hinges on the presence of memory and other cognitive impairments. Biomarkers, such as changes in Aβ...
518
Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment01:22

Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment

213
Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...
213
Dementia01:30

Dementia

139
Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
The progression of dementia is generally gradual....
139
Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Synthesis01:29

Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Synthesis

1.4K
Drugs affecting neurotransmitter synthesis can impact the adrenergic neuron and the synthesis of neurotransmitters. For example, α-methyltyrosine and carbidopa target specific enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis. α-methyltyrosine inhibits the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, which converts tyrosine into dopamine. By blocking this enzyme, α-methyltyrosine reduces dopamine production and other catecholamines. Carbidopa, on the other hand, inhibits the enzyme dopa decarboxylase,...
1.4K
Disorders of the Nervous Tissue01:28

Disorders of the Nervous Tissue

1.4K
Nervous tissue is a vital component of the human body's communication system, enabling us to perceive and respond to stimuli. However, like all other tissues, it is vulnerable to disorders and diseases that can significantly impact our neurological functioning.
Homeostatic Imbalances:
Alzheimer's disease manifests as a gradual decline in memory and cognitive abilities, attributed to the buildup of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
Parkinson's disease arises from the...
1.4K
Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

596
Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...
596

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

GPR120/free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFAR-4) agonists, antagonists, allosteric modulators: Computational drug design and discovery review.

European journal of medicinal chemistry·2026
Same author

Advanced theoretical engineering of KM<sub>3</sub>H<sub>9</sub> (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) hydrides for novel applications in hydrogen storage.

Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)·2026
Same author

Over 600 million people aged 18-65 will have headache tomorrow: global 1-day prevalence and recall bias from a meta-analysis of individual participant data (N = 38,512) from the general populations of 15 countries.

The journal of headache and pain·2026
Same author

Clinical insights into levothyroxine overdose: A systematic review.

World journal of methodology·2026
Same author

Biopsychosocial stressors and perinatal mental health: The mediating role of social support in a Pakistani cohort.

Global mental health (Cambridge, England)·2026
Same author

A CFD and Experimental Investigation of the Influence of Flow Characteristics on Spherical Agglomeration.

Pharmaceutics·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2025

Identification of EcoHIV-Infected Cells in Microglia-Manipulated Transgenic Mice
07:23

Identification of EcoHIV-Infected Cells in Microglia-Manipulated Transgenic Mice

Published on: December 20, 2024

1.3K

AIDS Dementia Complex: Neurotoxicity in AIDS Patients.

Muhammad Imran Qadir1, Bilal Ahmed2, Sumaira Noreen3

  • 1Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.

Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene Expression
|August 22, 2023
PubMed
Summary

AIDS dementia complex (ADC) involves HIV proteins causing neurotoxicity and neuronal damage. This leads to cognitive impairment through mechanisms like oxidative stress and elevated calcium levels.

More Related Videos

Screening Assay for Oxidative Stress in a Feline Astrocyte Cell Line, G355-5
09:53

Screening Assay for Oxidative Stress in a Feline Astrocyte Cell Line, G355-5

Published on: July 13, 2011

14.5K
A Rat Model of EcoHIV Brain Infection
08:48

A Rat Model of EcoHIV Brain Infection

Published on: January 21, 2021

3.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 18, 2025

Identification of EcoHIV-Infected Cells in Microglia-Manipulated Transgenic Mice
07:23

Identification of EcoHIV-Infected Cells in Microglia-Manipulated Transgenic Mice

Published on: December 20, 2024

1.3K
Screening Assay for Oxidative Stress in a Feline Astrocyte Cell Line, G355-5
09:53

Screening Assay for Oxidative Stress in a Feline Astrocyte Cell Line, G355-5

Published on: July 13, 2011

14.5K
A Rat Model of EcoHIV Brain Infection
08:48

A Rat Model of EcoHIV Brain Infection

Published on: January 21, 2021

3.2K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • AIDS dementia complex (ADC) is a neurological disorder impacting brain function.
  • HIV viral proteins are implicated in the pathogenesis of ADC.
  • Neuronal damage is a key feature of ADC.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms of neurotoxicity in AIDS dementia complex.
  • To identify key viral proteins and cellular pathways involved in ADC pathogenesis.
  • To understand the role of oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death in ADC.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the effects of HIV viral proteins (gp120, SDF, Tat) on neuronal cells.
  • Analyzed the role of macrophages, glial cells, and astrocytes in neurotoxin release.
  • Assessed the impact of elevated calcium, glutamate, and nitric oxide (NO·) on neuronal apoptosis.
  • Examined the contribution of lipid peroxidation, lipid rafts, and 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) to ADC pathology.

Main Results:

  • HIV proteins induce neurotoxicity by targeting glial cells and astrocytes, leading to neurotoxin release.
  • Neurotoxins cause apoptotic cell death by increasing intracellular calcium and glutamate levels.
  • Production of free radicals, including nitric oxide (NO·), contributes to oxidative stress.
  • Lipid peroxidation, lipid rafts, and elevated HNE levels are integral to ADC pathogenesis, manifesting as membrane-associated oxidative stress and cognitive impairment.

Conclusions:

  • HIV-induced neurotoxicity is a complex process involving multiple viral proteins and cellular responses.
  • Oxidative stress, calcium dysregulation, and lipid peroxidation are critical mediators of neuronal apoptosis in ADC.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies against AIDS dementia complex.