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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Mitochondrial heterogeneity in diseases.

Long Chen1, Mengnan Zhou2, Hao Li3

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.

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Summary

Mitochondrial heterogeneity, the variation in mitochondria within and between cells, impacts physiological processes and disease. This review explores its features, mechanisms, and therapeutic potential for various pathologies.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Mitochondria are crucial for cellular metabolism and adapt to stress.
  • Mitochondrial research has advanced from morphology to multiomics, revealing cellular variations.
  • Mitochondrial heterogeneity influences tissue homeostasis, repair, immunity, and cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review mitochondrial heterogeneity in pathological states.
  • To summarize mechanisms contributing to mitochondrial heterogeneity.
  • To explore therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial heterogeneity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on mitochondrial heterogeneity.
  • Analysis of variant features in mitochondrial DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids.
  • Investigation of mechanisms like mitochondrial genome mutation and protein import.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondrial heterogeneity manifests across DNA, RNA, protein, and lipid components.
  • Mechanisms include genetic mutations and protein import, leading to variations.
  • Mitochondrial heterogeneity plays a role in diverse physiological and pathological processes.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding mitochondrial heterogeneity is key to comprehending cellular function and disease.
  • Targeting mitochondrial heterogeneity offers therapeutic potential for various conditions.
  • Advances in gene editing may enable novel mitochondrial therapies.