Physics-based scintillations for outdoor sound auralization

The sound propagating in a turbulent atmosphere fluctuates in amplitude and phase. This phenomenon, known as acoustic scintillation, is caused by random fluctuations in the acoustic refractive index of the air induced by atmospheric turbulence. Auralization techniques should consider this phenomenon to increase the realism of the synthetic sound. This paper proposes a physics-based formulation to model sequences of log-amplitude and phase fluctuations of a sound propagating in a turbulent atmosphere. This method applies to slanted and vertical propagation of the sound, which is useful for simulating elevated noise sources such as aircraft, drones, and wind turbines. The theoretical framework is based on the spatial correlation functions for the log-amplitude and phase fluctuations for spherical waves, the von Kármán spectrum, and similarity theories to model atmospheric turbulence. Two applications with audio files are presented to demonstrate the applicability of this method to tonal and broadband noise.