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Related Concept Videos

Sound as Pressure Waves01:17

Sound as Pressure Waves

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Sound waves, which are longitudinal waves, can be modeled as the displacement amplitude varying as a function of the spatial and temporal coordinates. As a column of the medium is displaced, its successive columns are also displaced. As the successive displacements differ relatively, a pressure difference with the surrounding pressure is created. The gauge pressure varies across the medium.
The pressure fluctuation depends on the difference in displacements between the successive points in the...
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Perception of Sound Waves01:01

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The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency and the pressure amplitude of the source. Two sounds of the same...
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Echo01:06

Echo

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The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
Imagine the sound is reflected back to the ears. Assuming that the source is very close to the human, the difference between hearing the two sounds—the emitted sound and the reflected sound—may be more than the minimum time for perceiving distinct sounds. If this is the case,...
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Intensity and Pressure of Sound Waves01:05

Intensity and Pressure of Sound Waves

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The intensity of sound waves can be related to displacement and pressure amplitudes by using their wave expressions and the definition of intensity. The critical step to achieve this is to write the power delivered by the particles on the wave as the product of force and velocity and simplify the force per unit area as the pressure. The velocity of the medium's particles can be derived from the displacement.
Unlike the time average of a sinusoidal term, which is zero since it is positive...
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Sound Waves: Interference00:53

Sound Waves: Interference

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Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...
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Sound Waves: Resonance01:14

Sound Waves: Resonance

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Resonance is produced depending on the boundary conditions imposed on a wave. Resonance can be produced in a string under tension with symmetrical boundary conditions (i.e., has a node at each end). A node is defined as a fixed point where the string does not move. The symmetrical boundary conditions result in some frequencies resonating and producing standing waves, while other frequencies interfere destructively. Sound waves can resonate in a hollow tube, and the frequencies of the sound...
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Physics-based scintillations for outdoor sound auralization.

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Acoustic scintillation, or sound fluctuation in turbulent air, is modeled using a new physics-based method. This enhances the realism of synthetic sounds from sources like aircraft and wind turbines.

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Area of Science:

  • Acoustics
  • Atmospheric Physics
  • Signal Processing

Background:

  • Sound propagation in the atmosphere is affected by turbulence, causing amplitude and phase fluctuations.
  • This phenomenon, known as acoustic scintillation, impacts the realism of synthetic audio.
  • Current auralization techniques may not fully account for these atmospheric effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a physics-based formulation for modeling log-amplitude and phase fluctuations of sound in turbulent atmospheres.
  • To provide a method applicable to both slanted and vertical sound propagation.
  • To enhance the realism of simulated sounds from elevated noise sources.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing spatial correlation functions for log-amplitude and phase fluctuations of spherical waves.
  • Applying the von Kármán spectrum to model atmospheric turbulence.
  • Employing similarity theories for atmospheric turbulence modeling.

Main Results:

  • A physics-based model for acoustic scintillation was developed.
  • The model successfully simulates sound propagation in turbulent atmospheres for various scenarios.
  • Demonstrated applicability to tonal and broadband noise through audio file examples.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed method accurately models acoustic scintillation for realistic sound simulation.
  • This formulation is valuable for improving auralization techniques for elevated noise sources.
  • The physics-based approach offers a robust framework for understanding sound propagation in turbulent air.