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While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
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Sleep, an essential biological state, involves significant reductions in physical activity, sensory awareness, and interaction with the environment. This complex physiological process is primarily regulated by specific brain regions, notably the hypothalamus and pons, which govern the sleep-wake cycle or circadian rhythm.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2025

Noninvasive, High-throughput Determination of Sleep Duration in Rodents
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Sleep Traits Causally Affect the Brain Cortical Structure: A Mendelian Randomization Study.

Yanjing Chen1, Shiyi Lyu1, Wang Xiao2

  • 1Department of Radiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.

Biomedicines
|August 26, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Short sleep is linked to brain structure changes, potentially increasing neuropsychiatric disorder risk. Further research is needed to confirm these associations between sleep traits and cortical alterations.

Keywords:
brain cortical structurebrain cortical surface area (SA)cortical thickness (TH)mendelian randomizationsleep

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Sleep Science
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Sleep deprivation impacts cerebral cortex structure.
  • The underlying mechanisms require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore causal links between sleep traits and cortical structure.
  • Investigate associations of morningness, sleep duration, and insomnia with brain anatomy.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging.
  • Evaluated causal relationships using Mendelian randomization (MR).
  • Assessed five sleep traits: morningness, ease of waking, insomnia, long sleep, and short sleep.

Main Results:

  • Morningness associated with increased cuneus surface area (SA).
  • Short sleep linked to increased lateral occipital SA and reduced paracentral and parahippocampal cortical thickness (TH).
  • No pleiotropy observed, but Bonferroni correction threshold not met for causal links.

Conclusions:

  • Findings suggest potential links between paracentral and parahippocampal atrophy and increased middle temporal cortex with neuropsychiatric disorders.
  • Highlights associations between cortical structure and five sleep traits.
  • Further research is warranted to validate these findings.