Multi-Party Quantum Private Comparison Based on Bell States

Multi-party quantum private comparison (MQPC) assumes responsibility for overseeing the flow of data and communication among diverse entities, wherein it boasts powerful security capabilities that have garnered substantial attention. Most current MQPC protocols rely on difficult-to-prepare quantum states and are inefficient in their use of resources. In this paper, we propose a novel MQPC protocol without entanglement swapping, thereby building upon the assumption of an ideal channel. This protocol is based on Bell states, which simplifies implementation and addresses the challenges associated with using complex quantum states; it also enables the comparison of secret information by having a trusted party prepare and transmit encoded quantum sequences to participants, thereby facilitating efficient equality comparison among all parties. Our MQPC protocol showcased remarkable efficiency in comparison to existing protocols for quantum private comparison. Furthermore, the incorporation of decoy photon and shared key technologies made external and internal attacks ineffective, thereby ensuring the utmost security and integrity of the protocol.