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Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Metamaterials and Nanophotonics

Background:

  • Controlled synthesis of optical fields with nonuniform polarization is challenging.
  • Existing methods lack the universality and complexity required for arbitrary polarization control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a universal polarization transformer capable of synthesizing complex-valued polarization scattering matrices.
  • To enable arbitrary control over polarization states within input and output fields-of-view (FOVs).

Main Methods:

  • A diffractive framework comprising 2D arrays of linear polarizers and isotropic diffractive layers with optimizable transmission coefficients.
  • Deep learning-based training to optimize diffractive features for polarization transformation.
  • Experimental validation in the terahertz spectrum using wire-grid polarizers and 3D-printed diffractive layers.

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized 10,000 different spatially-encoded polarization scattering matrices with negligible error.
  • Demonstrated all-optical polarization permutation of spatially-varying polarization fields.
  • Simultaneously implemented distinct polarization scattering matrices between input and output FOVs of a compact diffractive processor.

Conclusions:

  • The demonstrated diffractive polarization transformer offers a universal framework for arbitrary polarization control.
  • This technology opens new avenues for novel devices in remote sensing, medical imaging, security, and machine vision.