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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

1.2K
All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...
1.2K
Moment of a Force: Scalar Formulation01:18

Moment of a Force: Scalar Formulation

778
The moment of a force, also known as torque, measures the ability of the force to create rotational motion in a body about an axis. It is a vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and direction. This concept is used extensively in engineering, physics, and mechanics.
Consider a simple example of a flywheel being rotated about a point, O, by applying a force to it. In this case, the moment arm is the perpendicular distance between the point O and the line of action of the force. The...
778
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

676
In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
676
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

998
NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of...
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The Energies of Atomic Orbitals03:21

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

24.1K
In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
24.1K
Moment of a Force: Vector Formulation01:27

Moment of a Force: Vector Formulation

4.3K
The moment of force refers to the measure of the rotational tendency of a force. It occurs when a force is applied in such a way that it produces a twisting or rotational motion rather than linear motion. The moment arm of a force is the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis of rotation. The moment of force is not a scalar but a vector quantity.
The vector formulation of the moment of force is the cross-product of the position and force vectors. The...
4.3K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2025

Isotopic Effect in Double Proton Transfer Process of Porphycene Investigated by Enhanced QM/MM Method
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Isotopic Effect in Double Proton Transfer Process of Porphycene Investigated by Enhanced QM/MM Method

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MLIP-3: Active learning on atomic environments with moment tensor potentials.

Evgeny Podryabinkin1, Kamil Garifullin2, Alexander Shapeev1

  • 1Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo Innovation Center, Bolshoy boulevard 30, Moscow 143026, Russian Federation.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|August 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers introduce MLIP-3, a new package for creating and training moment tensor potentials. This enhanced software improves atomistic simulations using machine learning potentials and active learning on atomic neighborhoods.

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Area of Science:

  • Computational materials science
  • Machine learning in physics

Background:

  • Sharing research code is crucial in atomistic modeling.
  • Machine-learning potentials are rapidly advancing the field.
  • Existing packages facilitate classical and quantum-mechanical modeling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce the MLIP-3 package for constructing and training moment tensor potentials.
  • Enhance atomistic simulations through improved machine learning potentials.
  • Leverage active learning on atomic neighborhoods for large-scale simulations.

Main Methods:

  • Development of the MLIP-3 software package.
  • Implementation of moment tensor potentials.
  • Application of active learning techniques for model training.

Main Results:

  • MLIP-3 offers improved capabilities over its predecessor, MLIP-2.
  • The package facilitates efficient construction and training of moment tensor potentials.
  • Active learning is applied to atomic neighborhoods for enhanced simulation accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • MLIP-3 represents a significant advancement in atomistic modeling software.
  • The package supports the growing field of machine-learning potentials.
  • Enhanced active learning capabilities improve the efficiency and accuracy of large-scale simulations.