Transglutaminases in fibrosis-overview and recent advances

Area of Science:

• Biochemistry
• Cell Biology
• Pathology

Background:

• Transglutaminases (TGs) are enzymes catalyzing protein cross-linking, affecting protein structure and function.
• TGs are implicated in fibrosis progression in organs like the kidney, lung, liver, and heart.
• Stimuli such as hypoxia, inflammation, and hyperglycemia can activate TGs in fibrotic conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the current understanding of transglutaminases in fibrosis.
• To highlight recent advances in the roles of TG2, TG1, and FXIII-A in fibrosis.
• To discuss the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of TGs in fibrosis.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of transglutaminase and fibrosis research.
• Analysis of studies investigating TG2, TG1, and FXIII-A in animal models of fibrosis.
• Synthesis of information on TG mechanisms and therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

• TG2 is a key enzyme in fibrosis pathogenesis via TGF-beta signaling and matrix cross-linking.
• Emerging evidence implicates TG1 and FXIII-A in the progression of fibrosis.
• Various animal models demonstrate the contribution of these TGs to fibrotic processes.

Conclusions:

• Transglutaminases, particularly TG2, TG1, and FXIII-A, play significant roles in fibrosis.
• Understanding their mechanisms offers potential therapeutic targets for fibrotic diseases.
• Further research into these enzymes could lead to novel treatment strategies.