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Related Concept Videos

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
The 3-dimensional positioning of chromatin in the nucleus influences the...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
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Extended intergenic DNA contributes to neuron-specific expression of neighboring genes in the mammalian nervous system.

Nature communications·2022
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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
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Crosstalk between chromatin, chromosomes, and epigenetics.

Alyssa Ialongo1,2, Ssu-Yu Yeh1,2, Ho Sung Rhee1,2

  • 1Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.

Biochemistry and Cell Biology = Biochimie Et Biologie Cellulaire
|August 29, 2023
PubMed
Summary

The 2022 International Asilomar Chromatin, Chromosomes, and Epigenetics Conference highlighted advances in understanding chromosome dysregulation, genome integrity, and epigenetics. Scientists shared research on gene regulation, nuclear organization, and chromatin, advancing cell differentiation and disease insights.

Keywords:
chromatinchromosomesepigeneticsgenometranscription

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The International Asilomar Chromatin, Chromosomes, and Epigenetics Conference is a key event for researchers in the field.
  • Understanding chromatin and epigenetics is crucial for deciphering cellular processes and diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the key topics and discussions from the 2022 conference.
  • To foster collaboration and knowledge exchange among scientists studying chromatin and epigenetics.

Main Methods:

  • The conference featured presentations and discussions from scientists at all career stages.
  • Four keynote speakers delivered talks on cutting-edge research.

Main Results:

  • Key topics included chromosome dysregulation, genome integrity, nuclear organization, chromatin regulation, epigenetics, transcription, and gene regulation.
  • Discussions covered gene regulation in cell differentiation and disease.

Conclusions:

  • The conference successfully brought together experts to discuss advancements in chromatin and epigenetics.
  • The event underscored the importance of these fields in understanding fundamental biology and disease mechanisms.