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A rare case of cerebellar aspergilloma mimicking a brain tumor in a patient with alveolar proteinosis was fatal despite aggressive treatment. Early diagnosis of central nervous system aspergillosis may improve outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Mycology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Central nervous system (CNS) aspergillosis is a rare and often fatal opportunistic infection.
  • Alveolar proteinosis is a rare lung disease that can be associated with increased risk of infections.

Observation:

  • A 48-year-old woman with alveolar proteinosis presented with a cerebellar mass.
  • The mass was diagnosed as an aspergilloma, a fungal infection caused by Aspergillus species.
  • The patient experienced recurrent disease despite neurosurgery, antifungal medications (amphotericin B, flucytosine), and ventricular drainage.

Findings:

  • Cerebellar aspergilloma can clinically mimic a brain tumor.
  • CNS aspergillosis poses significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.
  • Aggressive treatment regimens did not prevent a fatal outcome in this recurrent case.

Implications:

  • Increased clinical suspicion for CNS aspergillosis is crucial, especially in immunocompromised patients or those with underlying conditions like alveolar proteinosis.
  • Serological tests may aid in the early diagnosis of aspergillosis.
  • Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential for potentially improving the prognosis of CNS aspergillosis.

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