Medullary thyroid carcinoma

Area of Science:

• Endocrinology
• Oncology
• Surgical Pathology

Background:

• Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) accounts for 5-10% of thyroid cancers.
• MTC arises from thyroid C cells, producing calcitonin (CT).
• Historical understanding and definition of MTC evolved from the mid-1900s.

Purpose of the Study:

• To analyze the history, clinical presentation, and biological behavior of MTC.
• To review diagnostic modalities including bio-humoral, instrumental, and molecular profiling.
• To discuss surgical indications, procedures, and advancements in targeted therapy for MTC.

Main Methods:

• Review of historical data, clinical presentations, and biological behavior of MTC.
• Analysis of diagnostic tools: ultrasonography, CT, MRI, PET/CT, serum CT levels.
• Examination of surgical strategies, pathological classification, and targeted therapies.

Main Results:

• Serum calcitonin (CT) is a key preoperative diagnostic marker and early postoperative indicator of disease persistence.
• Complete preoperative assessment allows for tailored surgery, reducing unnecessary interventions.
• Significant advancements in targeted therapy have positively impacted patient survival.

Conclusions:

• Accurate preoperative staging and tailored surgical approaches are essential for optimizing MTC management.
• Serum CT levels play a critical role in diagnosis and postoperative monitoring.
• Targeted therapies represent a significant advancement in improving outcomes for MTC patients.