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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2025

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
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Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

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Medullary thyroid carcinoma.

Maria Rosa Pelizzo1, Esmeralda Isabella Mazza1, Caterina Mian1

  • 1Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.

Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy
|August 30, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare thyroid cancer originating from C cells. Comprehensive preoperative evaluation is crucial for tailored surgical treatment and improved survival through targeted therapies.

Keywords:
MENMedullary thyroid cancerRETcalcitonincervical lymph node metastasestargeted therapythyroidectomy

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Surgical Pathology

Background:

  • Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) accounts for 5-10% of thyroid cancers.
  • MTC arises from thyroid C cells, producing calcitonin (CT).
  • Historical understanding and definition of MTC evolved from the mid-1900s.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the history, clinical presentation, and biological behavior of MTC.
  • To review diagnostic modalities including bio-humoral, instrumental, and molecular profiling.
  • To discuss surgical indications, procedures, and advancements in targeted therapy for MTC.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical data, clinical presentations, and biological behavior of MTC.
  • Analysis of diagnostic tools: ultrasonography, CT, MRI, PET/CT, serum CT levels.
  • Examination of surgical strategies, pathological classification, and targeted therapies.

Main Results:

  • Serum calcitonin (CT) is a key preoperative diagnostic marker and early postoperative indicator of disease persistence.
  • Complete preoperative assessment allows for tailored surgery, reducing unnecessary interventions.
  • Significant advancements in targeted therapy have positively impacted patient survival.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate preoperative staging and tailored surgical approaches are essential for optimizing MTC management.
  • Serum CT levels play a critical role in diagnosis and postoperative monitoring.
  • Targeted therapies represent a significant advancement in improving outcomes for MTC patients.