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Related Concept Videos

Generation of Straight or Branched Actin Filaments01:14

Generation of Straight or Branched Actin Filaments

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The straight or branched structure formation of actin filaments is controlled by nucleating proteins such as the formins and Arp2/3 complex. Formin-mediated assembly results in straight filaments, whereas Arp2/3 protein complex-mediated assembly results in branched actin filaments.
Arp2/3 Complex
Arp2/3 complex is a seven-subunit complex consisting of two proteins similar to actin- Arp2 and Arp3, and five other subunits that help keep Arp2 and Arp3 inactive. When required, the complex is...
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Actin Polymerization and Cell Motility01:13

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Actin is a family of globular proteins that are highly abundant in eukaryotic cells. It makes up approximately 1-5% of total cell protein concentration. Actin monomers polymerize to form a complex network of polarized filaments, the actin cytoskeleton, that plays a crucial role in many cellular processes, including cell motility, division, endocytosis, and metastasis of cancer cells.
Actin cytoskeleton dynamics can produce pushing, pulling, and resistance forces that help the cell to migrate....
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Actin Filament Depolymerization01:19

Actin Filament Depolymerization

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Actin filaments (F-actin) are composed of actin subunits. The dissociation of actin monomers can occur from either end of F-actin. The rate of dissociation is faster from the minus-end or the pointed end, where the actin subunits exist with a bound ADP, together known as ADP-actin. The depolymerization of F-actin is aided by proteins, including the actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) and cofilin family of proteins, gelsolin, and glia maturation factor (GMF).
In F-actin, the ADF/cofilin proteins...
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Introduction to Actin01:26

Introduction to Actin

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Actin is a highly conserved cytoskeletal protein found abundantly in eukaryotic cells. It constitutes 10% weight of the total cellular protein in muscle cells, while in non-muscle cells, it is lower and makes up around 1–5 percent of the total cell protein. Actin found in the unicellular amoebae and complex multicellular animals is around 80% similar, demonstrating their conservation over a billion years of evolution.  Actin coding genes are conserved within species and across...
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Cell Signaling in Plants01:25

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Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...
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Actin Polymerization01:42

Actin Polymerization

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Actin polymerization occurs through the head-to-tail association of binding sites on monomeric actin or G-actin to form filamentous or F-actin. The polymerization can be divided into three phases ̶  nucleation, elongation, and steady-state phase.
The nucleation phase involves forming a stable nucleus consisting of three actin monomers to form a new actin filament. Actin-binding proteins such as formins and Arp2/3 complex help filament growth post-nucleation. The Formins form straight...
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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for the Identification of Arabidopsis Protein-DNA Interactions In Vivo
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Arabidopsis thaliana Subclass I ACTIN DEPOLYMERIZING FACTORs Regulate Nuclear Organization and Gene Expression.

Tomoko Matsumoto1, Takumi Higaki2,3, Hirotomo Takatsuka

  • 1Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531 Japan.

Plant & Cell Physiology
|August 30, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Subclass I actin depolymerizing factors (ADFs) regulate nuclear organization and gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. This impacts plant immunity and physiology by altering chromocenter size and gene activity.

Keywords:
Arabidopsis thalianaACTIN DEPOLYMERIZING FACTORActinHeterochromatinNucleusRegulation of gene expression

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Actin depolymerizing factors (ADFs) are crucial for actin dynamics and cellular organization.
  • Subclass I ADFs (ADF1-4) in Arabidopsis thaliana are expressed throughout the plant and previously linked to plant immunity and cell growth.
  • The precise roles of ADFs in nuclear organization and gene expression remain largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the novel role of subclass I ADFs in regulating nuclear organization and gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana.
  • To determine the impact of ADFs on chromocenter size and the expression of specific gene sets, including those involved in plant immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Microscopic observation of epidermal cells to analyze chromocenter size in wild-type, adf4, and ADF1-4Ri mutant lines.
  • Gene expression analysis using microarray and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR).
  • Analysis of ACTIN (ACT) gene mutants (act7, act2/8) to understand the interplay between ADFs and ACT proteins.

Main Results:

  • Reduced chromocenter size was observed in adf4 and ADF1-4Ri mutants compared to wild-type.
  • Enlarged chromocenter size was noted in the act7 mutant, but not in the act2/8 double mutant.
  • Microarray analysis revealed differential expression of 1,818 genes in adf4 and ADF1-4Ri, including a downregulation of 22 nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat genes involved in plant immunity.

Conclusions:

  • Subclass I ADFs play a significant role in regulating nuclear organization and gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana.
  • ADF-mediated regulation of nuclear organization influences plant physiology, including defense responses against pathogens.
  • The findings suggest a complex mechanism involving ADFs and ACT proteins in controlling gene expression and nuclear architecture.