Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

32.4K
A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
32.4K
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

630
Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
630
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

15.2K
A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
15.2K
Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

31.2K
Overview
31.2K
Conjugated Proteins02:50

Conjugated Proteins

18.4K
Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...
18.4K
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

538
An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
538

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Mapping SARS-CoV-2 immunity after an XBB.1.5 booster by antigenic cartography of merged human and hamster sera.

NPJ vaccines·2026
Same author

Environmental cleaning and disinfection practices for respiratory viruses in hospitals and long-term care facilities in the Netherlands.

Antimicrobial resistance and infection control·2026
Same author

SARS-CoV-2 crossreactive B-cells outnumber seasonal coronavirus spike-specific clones at the end of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Npj viruses·2026
Same author

Preferential boosting of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineage-specific immune responses by monovalent XBB.1.5 vaccination.

The Journal of infection·2026
Same author

Two-year persistence of MERS-CoV-specific antibody and T cell responses after MVA-MERS-S vaccination in healthy adults.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 immune escape using antigenic cartography combined with experimental challenge studies.

NPJ vaccines·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2025

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies using High-Throughput Fluorescent Imaging of Pseudovirus Infection
10:25

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies using High-Throughput Fluorescent Imaging of Pseudovirus Infection

Published on: June 5, 2021

4.7K

Antigenic evolution of SARS coronavirus 2.

Anna Z Mykytyn1, Ron Am Fouchier1, Bart L Haagmans1

  • 1Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

Current Opinion in Virology
|August 30, 2023
PubMed
Summary

The SARS-CoV-2 virus evolves rapidly, with new Omicron variants escaping vaccine immunity. Understanding Spike protein changes is crucial for updating COVID-19 vaccines to counter immune escape.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly evolved since its emergence.
  • Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants have spread globally, exhibiting increased transmissibility and immune evasion.
  • Omicron lineages, in particular, accumulate mutations conferring resistance to neutralizing antibodies targeting the Spike protein.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the antigenic evolution of SARS-CoV-2.
  • To highlight the impact of Spike protein substitutions on viral immune escape.
  • To discuss the utility of tools like antigenic cartography for vaccine development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on SARS-CoV-2 evolution and antigenic drift.
  • Analysis of the effects of individual and combined Spike protein substitutions.

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Advancing Antiviral Strategies Through Novel Immunocapture and Mass Spectrometry Techniques
08:07

Author Spotlight: Advancing Antiviral Strategies Through Novel Immunocapture and Mass Spectrometry Techniques

Published on: January 12, 2024

773
Author Spotlight: Studying Host-Virus Interactions with Pseudotyped Viruses
05:49

Author Spotlight: Studying Host-Virus Interactions with Pseudotyped Viruses

Published on: November 21, 2023

1.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 17, 2025

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies using High-Throughput Fluorescent Imaging of Pseudovirus Infection
10:25

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies using High-Throughput Fluorescent Imaging of Pseudovirus Infection

Published on: June 5, 2021

4.7K
Author Spotlight: Advancing Antiviral Strategies Through Novel Immunocapture and Mass Spectrometry Techniques
08:07

Author Spotlight: Advancing Antiviral Strategies Through Novel Immunocapture and Mass Spectrometry Techniques

Published on: January 12, 2024

773
Author Spotlight: Studying Host-Virus Interactions with Pseudotyped Viruses
05:49

Author Spotlight: Studying Host-Virus Interactions with Pseudotyped Viruses

Published on: November 21, 2023

1.7K
  • Examination of antibody neutralization escape mechanisms.

    • Main Results:

    • Spike protein substitutions significantly contribute to SARS-CoV-2 immune escape.
    • Emerging Omicron lineages demonstrate rapid antigenic evolution.
    • Combinations of mutations can synergistically enhance immune evasion.

    Conclusions:

    • Continuous monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 evolution is essential.
    • Antigenic cartography can map viral changes and guide vaccine updates.
    • Updated vaccines are necessary to maintain protection against evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants.