Snoring-related polygenic risk and its relationship with lifestyle factors in a Korean population: KoGES study

Whereas lifestyle-related factors are recognized as snoring risk factors, the role of genetics in snoring remains uncertain. One way to measure the impact of genetic risk is through the use of a polygenic risk score (PRS). In this study, we aimed to investigate whether genetics plays a role in snoring after adjusting for lifestyle factors. Since the effect of polygenic risks may differ across ethnic groups, we calculated the PRS for snoring from the UK Biobank and applied it to a Korean cohort. We sought to evaluate the reproducibility of the UK Biobank PRS for snoring in the Korean cohort and to investigate the interaction of lifestyle factors and genetic risk on snoring in the Korean population. In this study, we utilized a Korean cohort obtained from the Korean Genome Epidemiology Study (KoGES). We computed the snoring PRS for the Korean cohort based on the UK Biobank PRS. We investigated the relationship between polygenic risks and snoring while controlling for lifestyle factors, including sex, age, body mass index (BMI), alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, and sleep time. Additionally, we analyzed the interaction of each lifestyle factor and the genetic odds of snoring. We included 3526 snorers and 1939 nonsnorers from the KoGES cohort and found that the PRS, a polygenic risk factor, was an independent factor for snoring after adjusting for lifestyle factors. In addition, among lifestyle factors, higher BMI, male sex, and older age were the strongest lifestyle factors for snoring. In addition, the highest adjusted odds ratio for snoring was higher BMI (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.76-2.23), followed by male sex (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.28-1.86), older age (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.03-1.35), polygenic risks such as higher PRS (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.08-1.29), drinking behavior (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.03-1.35), late sleep mid-time (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.02-1.33), smoking behavior (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.82-1.19), and lower physical activity (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.85-1.00). Our study identified that the UK Biobank PRS for snoring was reproducible in the Korean cohort and that genetic risk served as an independent risk factor for snoring in the Korean population. These findings may help to develop personalized approaches to reduce snoring in individuals with high genetic risk.