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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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The regulation of sodium and potassium ion concentrations in the human body is a complex process governed primarily by hormones such as aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
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Biological regulation on iodine using nano-starch for preventing thyroid dysfunction.

Qinggele Borjihan1, Xuefang Liang2, Ting Chen1

  • 1College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Dairy Quality and Safety Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, PR China.

Journal of Hazardous Materials
|August 31, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Nano-starch particles effectively prevent excess iodine uptake by thyroid cells, offering a novel therapeutic strategy for iodine-induced thyroid disease. This approach regulates sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) protein expression and iodine metabolism.

Keywords:
Extracellular interferenceIodine excessNano-starch intervenesThyroid cellZebrafish

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Nanotechnology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Thyroid disease incidence is increasing globally, often linked to excessive iodine uptake.
  • Current extracellular interference therapies aim to block iodine transport via the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate nano-starch particles (St NPs) as a novel extracellular interference therapy for regulating thyroid iodine uptake.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of St NPs in preventing excessive iodine uptake by thyroid cells in vitro and in vivo.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized nano-starch particles (St NPs) to encapsulate iodine within glucan α-helix structures via hydrogen bonding.
  • Administered St NPs to thyroid cells and zebrafish to assess iodine transport regulation and metabolic pathway effects.
  • Quantified the expression levels of sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) and autophagy protein LC3B-II.

Main Results:

  • Extracellular St NPs successfully prevented excess iodine uptake by thyroid cells.
  • Down-regulated the expression of NIS protein (0.06-fold) and autophagy protein LC3B-II (0.35-fold).
  • Demonstrated that St NPs regulate iodine metabolic pathways in zebrafish.

Conclusions:

  • Nano-starch particles represent a novel strategy for controlling thyroid iodine uptake.
  • This approach offers a new direction for preventing and managing iodine-induced thyroid diseases.
  • The study highlights the potential of St NPs in nanomedicine for endocrine disorder management.