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Performance of a Nonlinear Magnetic Handheld Probe for Intraoperative Sentinel Lymph Node Detection: A Phantom Study.

Eliane R Nieuwenhuis1, Nida Mir1, Melissa M Horstman-van de Loosdrecht1

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Summary

The DiffMag handheld probe offers high resolving power for detecting sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) near primary tumors. While comparable to linear magnetometry, it has limited depth compared to gamma probes.

Keywords:
DetectionGamma probeMagnetic handheld probeSentinel lymph nodeSuperparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Surgical Navigation

Background:

  • Sentinel lymph node detection is crucial for cancer staging.
  • Magnetometry offers a non-radioactive alternative to traditional gamma probes.
  • Advancements in probe technology aim to improve detection accuracy and proximity to tumors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the performance of the DiffMag handheld probe (nonlinear magnetometry) for sentinel lymph node detection.
  • To compare the DiffMag probe's performance against a gamma probe and a linear magnetometer (Sentimag®).

Main Methods:

  • Probe performance was assessed using longitudinal and transverse distance measurements, and resolving power.
  • Two different tracer volumes were used to simulate clinical conditions.
  • A specialized phantom was developed for evaluating performance in a floor of the mouth (FOM) scenario.

Main Results:

  • DiffMag handheld and Sentimag® showed comparable longitudinal detection, while the gamma probe detected 10x deeper.
  • Transverse distances for small tracer volumes: DiffMag (13 mm), Sentimag® (11 mm), Gamma (51 mm).
  • Resolving power (FWHM) for small tracer volumes: DiffMag (14 mm), Sentimag® (12 mm), Gamma (18 mm).

Conclusions:

  • The DiffMag handheld probe is suitable for detecting SLNs in close proximity to primary tumors due to its high resolving power.
  • Linear magnetometry (Sentimag®) demonstrated comparable performance to DiffMag.
  • Gamma probes offer greater depth penetration but possess lower resolving power than the DiffMag handheld probe.