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Immunoelectron microscopy utilizes immunogold labeling of endogenous proteins with specific antibodies to detect and localize these proteins in cells and tissues. The procedure provides insights into the distribution and quantification of protein under different stimulation conditions offering clues about their functions. Conjugating highly electron-dense gold particles with primary or secondary antibodies allow antigen detection on and within cells, with high resolution and specificity.
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Large-area Scanning Probe Nanolithography Facilitated by Automated Alignment and Its Application to Substrate Fabrication for Cell Culture Studies
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N-Heterocyclic carbene-based gold etchants.

Robert B Chevalier1, Justin Pantano1, Matthew K Kiesewetter1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.

Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology
|September 7, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) offer an alternative to thiols for gold surface functionalization. Solvent choice is critical, as some NHC solutions can etch gold films, while others do not.

Keywords:
N-heterocyclic carbenesgold etchantmicrofabricationself-assembled monolayer (SAM)thin films

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Area of Science:

  • Surface chemistry
  • Materials science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are increasingly explored as alternatives to thiols for creating self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold surfaces.
  • NHC-based SAMs offer potential advantages in stability and functionality compared to traditional thiol-based systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of various N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) precursors and solvents on gold thin films.
  • To evaluate the potential for both unwanted etching and controlled surface modification using NHC chemistry.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and application of four distinct NHC species: 1,3-diisopropyl-5-nitrobenzimidazolium iodide, 1,3-diisopropyl-5-nitrobenzimidazolium hydrogen carbonate, bis(1,3-diisopropyl-5-nitrobenzimidazolium)gold(I) iodide, and 1,3-diisopropyl-5-nitrobenzimidazole-2-ylidene.
  • Exposure of gold-coated glass slides to solutions of these NHC species in different solvents (tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, toluene).
  • Analysis of gold film integrity using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) for elemental imaging.

Main Results:

  • Solutions of 1,3-diisopropyl-5-nitrobenzimidazolium iodide and 1,3-diisopropyl-5-nitrobenzimidazolium hydrogen carbonate in tetrahydrofuran and dichloromethane caused visible gold loss (etching).
  • Toluene solutions of all tested NHC species did not result in any apparent dissolution or etching of the gold film.
  • SEM and EDS analyses confirmed the differential effects of NHC species and solvents on gold film morphology and composition.

Conclusions:

  • The choice of solvent is a critical parameter in NHC-based surface functionalization of gold, influencing the stability of the gold film.
  • Certain NHC precursors and solvents pose a risk of unintended gold etching, necessitating careful selection for SAM formation.
  • This study demonstrates the potential for controlled gold etching by judicious selection of NHC species and solvents, opening avenues for deliberate surface modification.