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Related Concept Videos

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects01:10

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects

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The presence of electron-donating, electron-withdrawing, or conjugating groups adjacent to a radical center, imparts electronic stabilization to the radicals. Examples of such electronically-stabilized radicals are triphenylmethyl, tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxide, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl. These radicals are remarkably stable and are known as persistent radicals. Some of the persistent radicals can even be isolated and purified.
Along with electronic...
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Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

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Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
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Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals01:16

Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals

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Radicals adjacent to electron-donating groups are called nucleophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with electrophilic alkenes. The SOMO–LUMO interactions are the driving force for the reaction, where the high-energy SOMO of the electron-rich, nucleophilic radicals interacts with the low-energy LUMO of the electron-deficient, electrophilic alkenes. Such SOMO–LUMO interactions are the basis of reactive radical traps, affecting the selectivity in radical reactions. For...
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Radical Formation: Overview01:03

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A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
Radicals from spin-paired molecules:
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Radical Formation: Addition00:47

Radical Formation: Addition

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Radicals can be formed by adding a radical to a spin-paired molecule. This is typically observed with unsaturated species, where the addition of a radical across the π bond leads to the production of a new radical by dissolving the π bond. For example, the addition of a Br radical to an alkene yields a carbon-centered radical.
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Radical Autoxidation

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The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2025

Exploring the Radical Nature of a Carbon Surface by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and a Calibrated Gas Flow
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Enhanced Triboelectric Charge Stability by Air-Stable Radicals.

Sooik Im1, Ethan Frey1, Daniel J Lacks2

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7905, USA.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|September 7, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Air-stable radicals, specifically TEMPO, significantly improve triboelectric charge stability on surfaces. This breakthrough enhances applications like air filtration and energy harvesting by extending charge retention times.

Keywords:
air-stable radicalscharge retentionkelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM)self-assembled monolayer (SAM)triboelectric charge

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Area of Science:

  • Surface Science
  • Materials Chemistry
  • Triboelectricity

Background:

  • Triboelectric charge dissipation is a significant challenge in many applications.
  • Surface properties like hydrophobicity influence charge retention.
  • Air-stable radicals offer potential for modifying surface charge stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of air-stable radicals on triboelectric charge stability.
  • To explore the role of TEMPO radicals in enhancing charge retention on surfaces.
  • To assess the potential of radical-modified surfaces for applications requiring prolonged charge.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with and without TEMPO radicals.
  • Characterization of surface charge and retention using Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM).
  • Manipulation of radical density via etching and scavenging to study charge dissipation mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • TEMPO-containing SAMs exhibited significantly longer triboelectric charge retention compared to control surfaces.
  • Contrary to expectations based on hydrophobicity, TEMPO-modified surfaces, which are more hydrophilic, showed enhanced charge stability.
  • Charge retention was directly correlated with radical density, decreasing upon radical removal.

Conclusions:

  • Air-stable TEMPO radicals effectively enhance the stability and lifetime of triboelectric charges on surfaces.
  • This finding opens new avenues for improving triboelectric-based technologies.
  • Potential applications include enhanced air filtration, precise surface charge patterning, and more efficient triboelectric energy harvesting.