Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Radical Formation: Overview01:03

Radical Formation: Overview

2.1K
A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
Radicals from spin-paired molecules:
Radicals can be obtained from spin-paired molecules either by homolysis or electron transfer. While two radicals are formed in the former, an electron is added in the...
2.1K
Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

2.1K
Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
2.1K
Radical Formation: Homolysis00:54

Radical Formation: Homolysis

3.6K
A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
3.6K
Radical Formation: Abstraction00:47

Radical Formation: Abstraction

3.5K
The electron of an atom can be abstracted from a compound by a relatively unstable radical to generate a new radical of relatively greater stability. For example, an initiator which forms radicals by homolysis can abstract a suitable species like a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom from a compound to generate a new radical. This ability of radicals to propagate by abstraction is a crucial feature of radical chain reactions.
Even though homolysis produces radicals, it is different from radical...
3.5K
Radical Formation: Elimination00:51

Radical Formation: Elimination

1.7K
Another method of radical formation is the elimination process. It is the opposite of the addition route and is driven by the instability of the radical. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, dibenzoyl peroxide yields a pair of unstable radicals upon homolysis. Given its instability, this radical spontaneously undergoes elimination via a C–C bond cleavage to form a relatively more stable phenyl radical. The mechanism involves cleavage of the bond between the α and β positions...
1.7K
Radical Formation: Addition00:47

Radical Formation: Addition

1.7K
Radicals can be formed by adding a radical to a spin-paired molecule. This is typically observed with unsaturated species, where the addition of a radical across the π bond leads to the production of a new radical by dissolving the π bond. For example, the addition of a Br radical to an alkene yields a carbon-centered radical.
Similar to charge conservation in chemical reactions, spin conservation is implicit for radical reactions. Accordingly, the product formed must possess an...
1.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Technology and the clinical encounter: a qualitative study of mental health clinician and patient experiences of telemedicine.

BMC health services research·2026
Same author

Climate adaptation must address global inequity of suffering.

Lancet (London, England)·2026
Same author

Bioethics for the planet.

Lancet (London, England)·2025
Same author

Ethics that Fails to Regulate War, Ethics that Enhances War.

Journal of bioethical inquiry·2025
Same author

Proposal for a UN Peace and Development Fund: A Possible Pathway for Political and Ethical Renewal in the Modern World.

Journal of bioethical inquiry·2025
Same author

Strategies to Improve Research Participation By Older People With Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review.

The Gerontologist·2024
Same journal

Why the Social Gradient in Health-Related Behaviour is Unjust : An Unconditionalist Perspective.

Journal of bioethical inquiry·2026
Same journal

Mapping the Representation of Race and Other Health Disparities in U.S. Orthopaedic Journals : A Scoping Review.

Journal of bioethical inquiry·2026
Same journal

Safeguarding Physical and Mental Health Rights in African Conflict Regions: Ethical Responsibilities, Barriers, and Collaborative Efforts.

Journal of bioethical inquiry·2026
Same journal

Ibsen's An Enemy of the People and the Ethics of Public Health Disclosure.

Journal of bioethical inquiry·2026
Same journal

Is Unconsciousness the Intention? Physicians' Perspectives on Palliative Sedation Outside Specialized Palliative Care: A Qualitative Study.

Journal of bioethical inquiry·2026
Same journal

Ethics and Autonomy in Schizophrenia Care : Reflections from a Latin American Perspective.

Journal of bioethical inquiry·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2025

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
06:42

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

Published on: September 28, 2018

11.7K

Radicalizing Hope.

Michael Chapman1,2, Paul Komesaroff3

  • 1Department of Palliative Care, Canberra Health Services, Garran ACT, Canberra, Australia. michael.chapman@act.gov.au.

Journal of Bioethical Inquiry
|September 7, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The COVID-19 pandemic has permanently altered our world, necessitating a new approach to hope. We must embrace change and learn from the virus to build a resilient future.

Keywords:
BioethicsCOVID-19CourageGlobal healthHopeNew-normal

More Related Videos

Exploring the Radical Nature of a Carbon Surface by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and a Calibrated Gas Flow
10:34

Exploring the Radical Nature of a Carbon Surface by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and a Calibrated Gas Flow

Published on: April 24, 2014

10.8K
Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development
14:22

Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development

Published on: April 15, 2013

20.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 17, 2025

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
06:42

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

Published on: September 28, 2018

11.7K
Exploring the Radical Nature of a Carbon Surface by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and a Calibrated Gas Flow
10:34

Exploring the Radical Nature of a Carbon Surface by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and a Calibrated Gas Flow

Published on: April 24, 2014

10.8K
Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development
14:22

Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development

Published on: April 15, 2013

20.3K

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Sociology
  • Psychology

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic has presented unprecedented global challenges.
  • Societal responses often focus on returning to a pre-pandemic "normal."

Purpose of the Study:

  • To challenge the notion of returning to a pre-pandemic "normal."
  • To advocate for a fundamental shift in hope and societal response.
  • To emphasize learning from the pandemic's lasting impacts.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis of societal responses to pandemics.
  • Exploration of the concept of "threat multiplier" in relation to COVID-19.
  • Philosophical inquiry into the nature of hope and adaptation.

Main Results:

  • COVID-19 is an indelible force, akin to climate change, that has fundamentally altered human existence.
  • The pandemic acts as a threat multiplier, exacerbating existing vulnerabilities.
  • A return to a "normal" is neither possible nor desirable.

Conclusions:

  • A new form of hope is required, one that embraces courage and adaptation.
  • Societies must learn from the pandemic's impact on human fragility and interconnectedness.
  • Radical responses are needed to navigate the post-pandemic future and aspire to a better world.