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The Relationship between Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases and Total Drinking Water Hardness: Systematic Review
Aleksandra Bykowska-Derda1, Marcin Spychala2, Magdalena Czlapka-Matyasik1
1Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznan, Poland.
Foods (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 9, 2023
Summary
Drinking water with high hardness may protect against cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. This review found that higher water hardness is linked to lower CVD death rates, though more research is needed.
Area of Science:
- Environmental Health
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology
- Water Chemistry
Background:
- Growing interest in water's impact on human health.
- Previous research suggests a potential protective effect of hard drinking water against cardiovascular diseases.
- This study investigates the link between drinking water hardness and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review and analyze the association between drinking water hardness and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality.
- To synthesize findings from both qualitative and quantitative studies.
Main Methods:
- Systematic literature review of qualitative and quantitative research.
- Searches conducted across Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases.
- Study registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020213102).
Main Results:
- Seventeen qualitative studies indicated a significant association between total water hardness and protection from CVD mortality.
- Quantitative analysis revealed that higher drinking water hardness significantly reduces CVD mortality.
- High heterogeneity was observed in the quantitative analysis.
Conclusions:
- Total water hardness may play a role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention and mortality.
- Further research is necessary to account for confounding factors identified in the reviewed studies.
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