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Perforated Concave Earplug (pCEP): A Proof-of-Concept Earplug to Improve Sound Localization without Compromising

Nir Fink1,2, Rachel Levitas2, Arik Eisenkraft3

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The new Perforated-Concave-Earplug (pCEP) offers improved sound localization for soldiers compared to traditional earplugs. This hearing protection device (HPD) balances noise reduction with better detection of critical sounds in combat settings.

Keywords:
hearing protection devicesmilitary noiseperforated concave earplugs (pCEP)sound localization

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Area of Science:

  • Audiology
  • Military Engineering
  • Human Factors Engineering

Background:

  • Combat soldiers require hearing protection devices (HPDs) that do not impede the detection of critical auditory signals.
  • Existing HPDs often compromise sound localization abilities, impacting mission effectiveness.
  • The Perforated-Concave-Earplug (pCEP) is a novel passive HPD designed to enhance sound localization while maintaining noise attenuation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the sound localization performance of the pCEP.
  • To compare the pCEP's performance against 3M™ Combat Arms™ 4.1 (open-mode) and 3M™ E-A-R™ Classic™ earplugs.
  • To assess localization of various sound sources including gunfire, continuous noise, and spoken word.

Main Methods:

  • Ninety normal-hearing participants (aged 20-35) localized sound stimuli from multiple monitors.
  • Localization accuracy was measured with and without HPDs.
  • Performance metrics included root mean square errors (RMSEs) for different sound sources and locations.

Main Results:

  • All tested HPDs worsened sound localization abilities compared to no HPD.
  • Spoken word localization was less accurate than other sound types.
  • Localization errors were largest for sounds originating from rear monitors.
  • The 3M™ E-A-R™ Classic™ provided the highest attenuation but also the largest RMSE, while 3M™ Combat Arms™ 4.1 had the lowest attenuation and RMSE. The pCEP demonstrated mid-range performance for both metrics.

Conclusions:

  • The pCEP offers a potential advantage in military settings by improving sound localization over the 3M™ E-A-R™ Classic™.
  • The pCEP provides greater noise attenuation than the 3M™ Combat Arms™ 4.1.
  • The pCEP is recommended for use in noisy military environments where both hearing protection and sound localization are critical.