β-Phase Enhancement of Force Spun Composite Nanofibers for Sensing Applications

In this study, a piezoelectric harvesting device was developed using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers reinforced with either BaTiO₃ nanoparticles or graphene powder. BaTiO₃ nanoparticles were synthesized through the sol-gel method with an average size of approximately 32 nm. The PVDF nanofibers, along with the nanoparticle composites in an acetone-N,N-dimethylformamide mixture, were produced using a centrifugal Forcespinning™ machine, resulting in a heterogeneous arrangement of fiber meshes, with an average diameter of 1.6 μm. Experimental tests revealed that the electrical performance of the fabricated harvester reached a maximum value of 35.8 Voc, demonstrating the potential of BaTiO₃/ PVDF-based piezoelectric devices for designing wearable applications such as body-sensing and energy-harvesting devices.