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Motor Unit Stimulation01:20

Motor Unit Stimulation

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When the neuron of a motor unit fires an action potential, it triggers a series of events, leading to a twitch contraction in the muscle fibers. The process of excitation-contraction coupling is crucial in relaying the action potential to the muscle fibers.
The latent period of contraction marks the onset of excitation-contraction coupling, when the action potential propagates across the sarcolemma, preparing the muscle fibers for contraction. As the fibers enter the contraction phase, the...
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Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

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The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2025

A Modified Lean and Release Technique to Emphasize Response Inhibition and Action Selection in Reactive Balance
07:19

A Modified Lean and Release Technique to Emphasize Response Inhibition and Action Selection in Reactive Balance

Published on: March 19, 2020

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Motor adaptation does not differ when a perturbation is introduced abruptly or gradually.

Ambika Bansal1,2, Bernard Marius 't Hart3, Udai Cauchan1

  • 1Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.

Experimental Brain Research
|September 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Adapting movements to new tasks, like in physical therapy, doesn't differ if a change is abrupt or gradual. This study found no significant impact of age or cerebellar ataxia on motor learning adaptation.

Keywords:
Cerebellar ataxiaMotor learningOlder adultsTwo-rate modelVisuomotor adaptation

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An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles
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Area of Science:

  • Motor control
  • Neurorehabilitation
  • Human movement science

Background:

  • Optimizing implicit motor adaptation is key for efficient skill acquisition and rehabilitation.
  • Current understanding of how gradual perturbations influence motor learning is inconsistent.
  • Implicit adaptation aims to minimize conscious effort during movement adjustments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether abrupt or gradual visuomotor rotations yield different motor performance outcomes.
  • To examine the influence of perturbation onset (abrupt vs. gradual) on motor adaptation.
  • To assess the effects of age and mild cerebellar ataxia on motor adaptation to visuomotor rotations.

Main Methods:

  • A within-subjects design was employed to compare adaptation to abrupt versus gradual visuomotor rotations.
  • Participants adapted to 30, 45, and 60-degree rotation sizes.
  • Populations tested included younger adults, older adults, and patients with mild cerebellar ataxia.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in behavioral outcomes or model fits were observed between abrupt and gradual learning conditions.
  • Error-sensitivity in motor adaptation remained consistent across different rotation sizes and perturbation types.
  • Neither advanced age nor mild cerebellar ataxia significantly affected error-sensitivity during motor adaptation.

Conclusions:

  • The method of introducing visuomotor perturbations (abrupt vs. gradual) does not significantly alter motor adaptation outcomes.
  • Error-sensitivity in motor adaptation is robust and not modulated by age or mild cerebellar ataxia.
  • Findings suggest that gradual introduction of perturbations may not be superior for optimizing implicit motor learning.