[Study on biofilm formation and heterogeneity in Clostridium perfringens]

Many bacteria form biofilms and survive in the actual environment. Biofilms are not only a major form of bacteria but are also involved in tolerance to environmental stresses and antibiotics, suggesting the association with bacterial pathogenesis. Cells within biofilms display phenotypic heterogeneity; thus, even bacteria, unicellular organisms, can functionally differentiate and show multicellular behavior. Therefore, it is necessary to understand bacteria as a population to control their survival and pathogenesis in the actual environment. Previously, we found that Clostridium perfringens, an anaerobic pathogenic bacterium, form different structures in different temperatures and phenotypic heterogeneity on biofilm matrix gene expression within the biofilm. In this article, I summarize the results of our research on biofilms and their heterogeneity, the mechanisms of post-transcriptional gene expression regulation of virulence genes, and bacteria-host interactions mediated by extracellular membrane vesicles.