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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2025

Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture

Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture

Published on: October 12, 2018

Sex Differences in HIV Infection.

Marcus Altfeld¹, Eileen P Scully²

¹Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Virology, Hamburg, Germany.

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

|September 11, 2023

Summary

Biological sex significantly influences human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, affecting acquisition, disease progression, and treatment outcomes. Immune response variations between sexes are key to understanding these clinical differences.

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Infectious Diseases
Sex Differences in Health

Background:

Biological sex is a critical determinant of health outcomes across numerous diseases.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection exhibits distinct characteristics influenced by biological sex.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize the impact of biological sex on HIV infection.
To discuss immune response features contributing to sex-specific clinical outcomes in HIV.

Main Methods:

Literature review and synthesis of existing research on biological sex and HIV.
Analysis of immune response mechanisms implicated in sex-based differences.

Main Results:

Biological sex affects HIV acquisition risk.
Sex influences the pathogenesis of untreated HIV infection.
Differences in immune responses contribute to varied clinical outcomes and treatment responses.

Conclusions:

Biological sex is a fundamental factor shaping the trajectory of HIV infection.
Understanding sex-specific immune responses is crucial for developing effective HIV prevention, treatment, and cure strategies.