Defect engineering enhances plasmonic-hot electrons exploitation for CO₂ reduction over polymeric catalysts

Defect sites present on the surface of catalysts serve a crucial role in different catalytic processes. Herein, we have investigated defect engineering within a hybrid system composed of "soft" polymer catalysts and "hard" metal nanoparticles, employing the disparity in their thermal expansions. Electron paramagnetic resonance, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and mechanistic studies together reveal the formation of new abundant defects and their synergistic integrability with plasmonic enhancement within the hybrid catalyst. These active defects, co-localized with plasmonic Ag nanoparticles, promote the utilization efficiency of hot electrons generated by local plasmons, thereby enhancing the CO₂ photoreduction activity while maintaining the high catalytic selectivity.