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Related Concept Videos

Tactile and Chemical Senses01:27

Tactile and Chemical Senses

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Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex.
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Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System01:11

Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System

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The somatosensory system is the central and peripheral nervous system component that senses and processes touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and body position or proprioception. The process of sensation takes place at three levels:
The receptor level:
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Overview of Somatic Sensory Pathways01:29

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Somatic sensory or somatosensory pathways refer to the neural pathways that carry information related to touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception from the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints to the brain. These pathways involve several stages of processing and integration of sensory information.
The somatosensory system is divided into three main pathways: the dorsal (or posterior) column-medial lemniscus, spinothalamic (or anterolateral), and spinocerebellar pathways.
The dorsal...
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Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:24

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Sensory Functions of the Skin01:16

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The skin is the largest organ of the human body and plays a crucial role in our sensory perception. It contains a vast network of sensory receptors that contribute to the skin's protective function by perceiving physical, biological, and environmental cues and generating relevant responses.
There are two main categories of receptors on the skin: capsulated and non-capsulated. The non-capsulated ones are mainly the pain receptors. The capsulated ones can be further categorized based on the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2025

Applying Incongruent Visual-Tactile Stimuli during Object Transfer with Vibro-Tactile Feedback
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A bio-inspired visuotactile neuron for multisensory integration.

Muhtasim Ul Karim Sadaf1, Najam U Sakib1, Andrew Pannone1

  • 1Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.

Nature Communications
|September 15, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed an artificial visuotactile neuron mimicking brain multisensory integration. This novel device, inspired by biological neurons, enhances artificial intelligence capabilities for faster, more accurate processing of combined visual and tactile information.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuromorphic Engineering
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Multisensory integration in the brain allows for enhanced and faster responses compared to processing single sensory inputs, particularly when individual cues are weak.
  • Specialized neurons receiving input from multiple sensory modalities are the biological basis for multisensory integration.
  • Current neuromorphic computing predominantly focuses on unisensory information processing, creating a gap in emulating complex biological intelligence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel artificial visuotactile neuron capable of emulating key features of biological multisensory integration.
  • To develop a solid-state device that bridges the gap between artificial and natural intelligence through advanced neuromorphic computing.
  • To demonstrate a bio-inspired approach for processing combined visual and tactile information.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of a photosensitive monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) memtransistor with a triboelectric tactile sensor to create an artificial visuotactile neuron.
  • Characterization of the artificial neuron to capture essential multisensory integration features: super-additive response, inverse effectiveness, and temporal congruency.
  • Development of a circuit for encoding integrated visuotactile information into digital spiking events.

Main Results:

  • The artificial visuotactile neuron successfully emulates the super-additive response, inverse effectiveness effect, and temporal congruency observed in biological multisensory neurons.
  • A functional circuit was realized that encodes combined visual and tactile cues into digital spiking outputs, with spike probability modulated by cue strength.
  • The device demonstrates a significant step towards bio-inspired neuromorphic computing capable of complex sensory data fusion.

Conclusions:

  • The developed artificial visuotactile neuron and spike encoding circuitry represent a significant advancement in neuromorphic computing.
  • This work paves the way for more sophisticated artificial intelligence systems that can process and integrate information from multiple senses, mimicking natural intelligence.
  • The study highlights the potential of solid-state devices in emulating complex neural functions for future computing paradigms.