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Related Concept Videos

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

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Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

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γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

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Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

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Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers01:17

Antiepileptic Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers

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Calcium channel blockers, a class of antiepileptic drugs, regulate the flow of calcium ions within neurons.
Calcium channel blockers exert their antiepileptic effects by targeting T-type calcium channels, which are integral to transmitting nerve signals in the central nervous system. These channels allow the passage of calcium ions, which are vital for neuronal communication. By inhibiting T-type calcium channels, calcium channel blockers effectively reduce the release of neurotransmitters and...
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Arteries of the Lower Limbs01:24

Arteries of the Lower Limbs

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
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Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats
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Brain Glutathione Increase and Seizure Burden Decrease in Patients with Intractable Epilepsy on Ketogenic Diet.

Saman Hazany1, Brittany DeClouette1, Jessica Lowe2

  • 1Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Journal of Epilepsy Research
|September 18, 2023
PubMed
Summary

The ketogenic diet significantly increased brain glutathione (GSH) levels in epilepsy patients. This rise in GSH correlated with a 50% reduction in seizure frequency and duration, suggesting a potential anticonvulsant role.

Keywords:
1H MRSEpilepsyGSHGlutathioneKetogenic dietMR spectroscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Epilepsy Research

Background:

  • Drug-resistant epilepsy presents a significant clinical challenge.
  • The ketogenic diet (KD) is an established therapy for improving seizure control.
  • Mitochondrial glutathione (GSH) levels may influence seizure susceptibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify absolute glutathione (GSH) levels in the brain using in vivo 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS).
  • To correlate changes in brain GSH levels with seizure control in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy on a KD.
  • To investigate the potential anticonvulsant role of GSH.

Main Methods:

  • A pilot study involving two adult patients with drug-resistant epilepsy.
  • Patients followed a modified Atkins diet for six months.
  • Absolute GSH levels in gray and white matter were measured using 1H MRS at baseline and six months.

Main Results:

  • Both patients showed substantial increases in absolute GSH levels in both gray and white matter (7-fold and 14-fold increases observed).
  • A 50% improvement in seizure duration and frequency was recorded in both patients.
  • Other metabolites, including ketone bodies, did not show consistent changes.

Conclusions:

  • Marked increases in brain GSH levels were observed in patients with intractable epilepsy on a KD.
  • The observed increase in GSH correlated with significant seizure improvement.
  • This pilot study supports a potential anticonvulsant role for glutathione in the brain.